قابل توجه نویسندگان محترم، مقالاتی که از تاریخ 1404/07/13 برای نشریه ارسال می شوند، شامل پرداخت هزینه بررسی نخواهند شد.
year 10, Issue 1 (2024)
JRA 2024, 10(1): 13-32 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bakhshandehfard H, Rabie H. (2024). A Technical Study on Manufacturing Technique and Corrosion Inspection of Bronze Age Metal Artifacts Excavated from Shahr-e Sukhteh Cemetery. JRA. 10(1), 13-32. doi:10.61882/jra.10.1.375
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-375-en.html
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-375-en.html
1- Department of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural & Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran , hr.bakhshan@aui.ac.ir
2- Department of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural & Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2- Department of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural & Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract: (3186 Views)
There are remains of an ancient city-state at a valuable site from the Bronze Age in Shahr-e Sukhteh, in, 56 km from Zabul in Sistan Baluchistan province. In the excavations of the cemetery of this area, which was carried out under the supervision of SeyedSajjadi in Shahr-e Sukhte base, metal artifacts were found. During excavations, 13 metal samples were obtained from one of the graves, four of which were examined and studied in this research. The goals of this research include the study and investigation of the manufacturing methods, microstructure, and composite elements, as well as identifying the corrosion process and investigating the presence of active corrosion on the obtained artifacts. For this purpose, Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Metallography, Radiography, were used. Arsenic was detected in the results, along with zinc and lead. It can be inferred that, based on the elemental composition, the studied samples are relatively similar and probably originated from the same source. However, due to relatively high corrosion, this conclusion cannot be confirmed with certainty. The microstructural examination showed fine grain size and signs of hammering and annealing. Additionally, pathological investigations revealed holes and inclusions, and corrosion products such as Cuprite, Malachite, Paratacamite, and Atacamite were identified using XRD
Technical Note: Original Research |
Subject:
Archaeometry
Received: 2023/10/27 | Accepted: 2024/02/1 | Published: 2024/06/29 | ePublished: 2024/06/29
Received: 2023/10/27 | Accepted: 2024/02/1 | Published: 2024/06/29 | ePublished: 2024/06/29
References
1. Alidadi Soleimani, N. (2008). "An Introduction to the Natural Geography and Environment of the Halil Basin", Collection of Articles of the First International Conference on the Civilization of the Halil Basin, by: Youssef Majidzadeh, Cultural Heritage Organization, Industrial Industries Tea and Tourism of Kerman Province, Kerman, first edition, pp. 28-22. [in Persian]
2. Bakhshandefard, Hamidreza. (2010). Investigating Historical Metal Works in Conservation. Isfahan: Art University of Isfahan. [in Persian]
3. Fasihnikoutalab, M. H., Westgate, Huat B. B., Asadi, A., Ball, Richard J., & Nahazanan, H. (2015). New Insights into Potential Capacity of Olivine in Ground Improvement, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.
4. Figueiredo, E., Araújo, M. F., Silva, R. J., & Sennamartinez, J. (2007). Corrosion of bronze alloy with some lead content: implications in the archaeometallurgical study of Late Bronze Age metal artefacts from "Fraga dos Corvos" (North Portugal). METAL 07 (ICOM-CC) Proceedings, Amsterdam, 1, 61-66.
5. Hosseini Panah SomeSaraei, S., Oudbashi, O., & Mortazavi M. (2015). Corrosion study in Ancient Bronzes of Tol Talesh cemetery, Gilan. Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering, Year 6, Number 3 (21 consecutive, Fall 2015), p. 69. [in Persian]
6. Khodabakhshi, F., Bakshandehfard, H., & Agha Ali, D. G. (2018). Experimental and microscopic studies of some copper alloy objects from the Biregan Archeological site of Kouhrang, Second millennium BC, Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 5( 2), pp. 167-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jra.5.2.149 [in Persian] [DOI:10.29252/jra.5.2.149]
7. Long, J. A. (2017). Radiography of cultural works, translated by Fereshte Rahimi. Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Crafts and Tourism. [in Persian]
8. Majidzadeh, Y. The Bronze Age in Ancient Transoxiana. (1989). Second Issue. Third year, archeology and history journal. [in Persian]
9. Majidzadeh, Y. (2017). "Helil Basin Archeology Project: A Legendary Discovery", First Collection of Articles of the International Conference on Hillil Basin Civilization, by: Youssef Majidzadeh, Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism e, Kerman, first edition, pp. 31-52. [in Persian]
10. Mortazavi, M., Salehi Kakhki, A., Golozar, M. A., & Talai, H., (2011). Preliminary metallurgical investigation of copper-based artifacts at Tepe Sagzabad in Qazvin Plain, Iran (1500-800 BC), Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies, 1 (2): 49-59.
11. Oudbashi, O. (2013). Corrosion Morphology Analysis and Protective Conditions in Bronze Collections obtained from Excavation, Focusing on the Metal-Environment-Corrosion System. Isfahan: PhD thesis on Conservation of historical Objects, Art University of Isfahan, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration. [in Persian]
12. Oudbashi, O. (2013). Characterization of Chemical Nature of Surface Corrosion Layers in Archaeological Bronzes. Surface Science and Engineering. pp. 13-29. [in Persian]
13. Piccardo, P., Mödlinger, M., Ghiara, G., Campodonico, S., & Bongiorno, V. (2013). Investigation on a "tentacle-like" corrosion feature on Bronze Age tin-bronze objects. Applied Physics A, 113(4), 1039-1047. [DOI:10.1007/s00339-013-7732-1]
14. Pourzarghan, V., Bakshandehfard, H., & Heydari, M. (2019). Microscopic and microstructural investigations of arsenical copper from Spidej Bazman region. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 6(2), 75-89.
https://doi.org/10.52547/jra.6.2.75 [DOI:10.52547/jra.6.2.75 [in Persian]]
15. Pourzarghan, V. (2021). Analyzing the corrosion mechanism of copper-arsenic artefacts exposed from Spidej Bazman and hahr-e Sukhteh sites and examining the stability conditions in order to conservation of these artefacts. Isfahan: PhD thesis on Conservation of historical Objects, Art University of Isfahan, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration. [in Persian]
16. Romdor, P., & Strunz, H. (1997). Klockmanns Iehrbuch der mineralogy.15 Aufl. Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke-Verlag.
17. Sabohisani, F., Bakhshandehfard, H., & Emami, S. M. A. (2021). Studying the Mechanism of Corrosion Layers in Bronze Artifacts Discovered from Spidej Bazman Cemetery, Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. pp. 33-49. [in Persian]
18. Safai Qalati, M. (2015). Structural Identification and Manufacturing Method of Copper alloy Pins in Chia sabz west Area of Lorestan Province. (Supervisor: Bakhsandehfard. Hamidreza. Consultan: Hesari, Morteza), Master's Thesis in Conservation of historical Objects, Art University of Isfahan: Faculty of Conservation and Restoration. [in Persian]
19. Scott, D. A. (1991). Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute in association with Archetype Books.
20. Scott, D. A. (2002). Copper and bronze in Art: corrosion, colorants, conservation, Getty Publication.
21. Seyedsajjadi, S. M. (2019). Eight discourses about the archeology and history of Sistan and Baluchistan, Publisher: Paul Firouze affiliated with Parsin Water Institute. [in Persian]
22. Seyedsajjadi, S. M., & Moradi, H. (2015). Exploring Workshops No. 26 and 28 of Shahr Sukhteh, Athar Journal (74). pp. 37-103 [in Persian]
23. Stuart, B. (2007). Analytical techniques in materials Conservations. England: John Cviley an sons Ltd. [DOI:10.1002/9780470060520]
24. Tronner, K., Nord, A. G., & Borg, G. C. (1995). Corrosion of archaeological bronze artefacts in acidic soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85(4), 2725-2730. [DOI:10.1007/BF01186246]
25. Vatandost, R. (1988) "Restoration, Conservation and Technical study of a number of metal objects of Arjan's treasure", Athar, Cultural Heritage Organization of the country, No. 15 and 16, pp. 98-110. [in Persian]
26. Yavari, F., Abbas Nejad Sarsti, R., Mortazavi, M., & Alidadi Soleimani, N. (2016). A Metallographic, ICP- OES and SEM- EDS Examination on Three Bronze Age Alloys from Southern Part of Halil-Rud Region, Jiroft, Iran. Archaeological Research of Iran, 6(10), 67-82. doi: 10.22084/nbsh.2016.1547 [in Persian]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
