The Anubanini relief is one of the most important and ancient rock reliefs in Iran. Therefore, this work holds special significance for Iranians, archaeologists, and linguists. This relief is carved on the limestone rocks of the "Mīyān Kal" mountain in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab. Given the chemical composition of limestone, dissolution is one of the main factors in the deterioration of carved works on them. In the Anubanini relief, the surface of the work has been damaged due to chemical weathering, and parts of its نقش (engravings/figures) and texts have been lost. If this destruction continues, this work will be completely destroyed, and Iran's cultural heritage will lose one of its most important written and historical documents. Chemical weathering of limestone depends on the structure of the rock mass and the mineralogy of the rock, and on the other hand, rock weathering depends on internal factors such as mineralogical and chemical properties, and external factors such as climate. This article, while studying the inherent (internal) characteristics of the Anubanini relief's background rock through microscopic sections, and examining the results of XRF and XRD tests and climatic conditions and their effects on the minerals present in the rock, aims to identify and determine the structural factors effective in the weathering process. The fundamental questions of this research are: What is the structure of the Anubanini relief's background rock? Is the weathering process still active given the rock's structure? By utilizing library and field data, comparing and analyzing microscopic sections and the results of XRF and XRD tests, the author has attempted to identify the chemical weathering associated with the creation of small and large dissolution cavities on the surface of the work. The results of the research show that chemical weathering and the rock's structure, such as layering and joints, are the main factors in the creation of these cavities.