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Fadaei H, Ismailzadeh A. (2025). A Review of Identification, Measurement, and Classification Methods for Environmental Pollutants Affecting the Erosion of Stone Heritage. JRA. 11(1), doi:10.61186/jra.11.1.447
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-447-en.html

With the expansion of industries and the emergence of new technologies, the amount and diversity of environmental pollutants have increased significantly. Consequently, the erosion of historical artifacts near pollution sources has become more complex, and their deterioration—particularly in open spaces—is expected to intensify in the future. Given the importance of cultural heritage, a considerable portion of environmental monitoring efforts worldwide is devoted to identifying and assessing pollutants, evaluating their effects on historical artifacts, and developing effective strategies to mitigate their damage. A lack of sufficient knowledge regarding the impact of contaminants on stone artifacts can create serious challenges in designing and implementing conservation strategies. Therefore, understanding and classifying the pollutants that contribute to the erosion of historical artifacts, along with the methods used for their measurement, are of particular importance. The primary objective of this review is to establish a classification framework for different types of environmental pollutants that contribute to the deterioration of historical stone sites and to examine the methods employed for their measurement. Drawing on approximately 90 reputable research sources, this study categorizes environmental pollutants into 13 main groups and qualitatively analyzes the relevant data. The findings indicate that the nature of each pollutant determines the most suitable identification and measurement techniques. Accordingly, gas sensors and detectors are among the most common and efficient tools for monitoring certain air pollutants. Moreover, separation devices equipped with chromatography columns are widely used for identifying and quantifying pollutant ions