A Review of the Structure Application Production Process and Effect of Additives in Traditional Gypsum Mortar - Journal of Research on Archaeometry
------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------
year 8, Issue 1 (2022)                   JRA 2022, 8(1): 185-205 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Yaghobzadeh H, Razani M. A Review of the Structure, Application, Production Process and Effect of Additives in Traditional Gypsum Mortar. JRA 2022; 8 (1) :185-205
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-326-en.html
1- Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2- Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran , m.razani@tabriziau.ac.ir
Abstract:   (1589 Views)
Mortars are an integral part in the construction of historical and even modern buildings. They are used in different parts of the building, such as mortar between bricks and stones, floor mortar, surface coating mortar and other parts of the building, so it is used to create a quality and stable building. Over time, efforts should be made to improve the quality of mortars and materials. The properties of gypsum mortars are influenced by the three main factors of mine type, baking method and the use of additives. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to investigate these factors. The results of the studies showed that in different mines and even different parts of the same mine, it is effective in creating differences in the properties of gypsum mortar; For example, in different mines, due to the conditions of the mine, such as the pressure on the gypsum crystals or the presence of impurities in the mine, crystals with different characteristics will be created. How to burn and prepare gypsum is also effective in determining the properties of these types of mortars. For example, baking gypsum at a temperature of 120 to 180 degrees Celsius will produce beta hemihydrate gypsum. Additives also affect the properties of plaster in different parts, which can include resistance effects (compressive, tensile and abrasion resistance), setting time and resistance to moisture; For example, it is magnesium oxide and aluminosilicates, each of which increases the compressive strength and setting time in plaster mortar.
 
Full-Text [PDF 2852 kb]   (1099 Downloads)    
Technical Note: Review | Subject: Conservation Science
Received: 2022/04/19 | Accepted: 2022/07/16 | Published: 2022/08/21 | ePublished: 2022/08/21

References
1. Kamalizadeh, T & Kamalizadeh, M. Plastering of Khorasan doctrine. First Edition. Surah Mehr. Tehran.2015.]in Persian[. [کمالی زاده طاهره، کمالی زاده ابولقاسم. هنر گچبری مکتب خراسان. چاپ اول. سوره مهر.تهران.1394.]
2. Bozorgmehri, Z& Khodadadi, A. Iranian Amood (cognition, pathology and restoration). Tehran: Soroush.2007.]in Persian[. [بزرگ مهری زهره، خدادادی آناهیتا. آمود¬های ایرانی(شناخت، آسیب شناسی و مرمت). سروش. تهران.1385.]
3. Reza Zadeh Ardabili, M. "Restoration of architectural works (cognition, pathology, technology)". second edition. University of Tehran. Tehran.2017.]in Persian[. [رضا زاده اردبیلی مجتبی. مرمت آثار معماری(شناخت، آسیب شناسی و فن شناسی). چاپ دوم. دانشگاه تهران. تهران.1395.]
4. Zumrashidi, H. Iranian Architecture - Traditional Materials Science. second edition. Zomorod. Tehran.2004.]In Persian[. [زمر شیدی حسین. معماری ایران (اجرای ساختمان با مصالح سنتی). چاپ دوم. زمرد. تهران.1382.]
5. Pachta V, Stefanidou M, Konopisi S, Papayianni I. Technological evolution of historic structural mortars. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2014 Jul 1;8(7). , ISSN 1934-7359, USA. [DOI:10.17265/1934-7359/2014.07.005]
6. Forotani, S.. Building Materials. Second Edition. Eighteenth Print. Rozaneh.Tehran.2017.]in Persian[. [فروتنی سام. مصالح ساختمانی. ویرایش دوم.چاپ هجدهم.روزنه.تهران.1395.]
7. Ossorio M, Van Driessche AE, Pérez P, García-Ruiz JM. The gypsum-anhydrite paradox revisited. Chemical Geology. 2014 Oct 29;386:16-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.026]
8. Liu K, Han S, Gao W, Tang YN, Han X, Liu Z, Bao L, Zhi M, Wang H, Wang Y, Du H. Changes of Mineralogical Properties and Biological Activities of Gypsum and Its Calcined Products with Different Phase Structures. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021 Mar 10;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6676797 [DOI:10.1155/2021/6676797.]
9. Hami, A. Building Materials. Twenty-fifth edition. University of Tehran. Tehran.2020.]in Persian. [ [حامی احمد. مصالح ساختمانی. چاپ بیست و پنجم. دانشگاه تهران. تهران. 1398.]
10. Artioli G, Secco M, Addis A. The Vitruvian legacy: Mortars and binders before and after the Roman world. https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.20.4 [DOI:10.1180/EMU-notes.20.4.]
11. Montana, G., & Ronca, F. (2002). The "recipe" of the stucco sculptures of Giacomo Serpotta. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 3(2), 133-144. [DOI:10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01169-X]
12. Franzini M, Leoni L, Lezzerini M. A procedure for determining the chemical composition of binder and aggregate in ancient mortars: its application to mortars from some medieval buildings in Pisa. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2000 Dec 1;1(4):365-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01092-X [DOI:10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01092-X.]
13. Dadvar;A.,mohseni,Z & Mir Fattah,A.. Limestone art in Vakil bath in Shiraz. Islamic Iranian city, Issue 20.2014.]in Persian[. [دادور ابولقاسم، محسنی زهرا و میر سید علی اصغر میر فتاح. هنر آهک بری در حمام وکیل شیراز. مطالعات شهرهای ایرانی اسلامی.5(20).1394.]
14. Yang F, Zhang B, Ma Q. Study of sticky rice− lime mortar technology for the restoration of historical masonry construction. Accounts of chemical research. 2010 Jun 15;43(6):936-44. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9001944 [DOI:10.1021/ar9001944.]
15. Yagubzadeh H & Razani M. A Review of the Chemical Structure, Applications & Methods of Identifying Casein Adhesives in Historical Properties. Studies in the world of color, 11(4),1-12.2022. [یعقوب زاده حامد. رازانی مهدی. مروری بر ساختار، کاربرد و روش¬های شناسایی چسب کازئین در آثار تاریخی. مطالعات در دنیای هنر. (4)11. 1-12. 1401.]
16. Zhu C, Xu X, Liu W, Xiong F, Lin Y, Cao C, Liu X. Softening damage analysis of gypsum rock with water immersion time based on laboratory experiment. IEEE Access. 2019 Sep 2;7:125575-85. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939013 [DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939013]
17. Hass M, Sutherland GB. The infra-red spectrum and crystal structure of gypsum. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1956 Sep 11;236(1207):427-45. [DOI:10.1098/rspa.1956.0146]
18. Zha F, Qiao B, Kang B, Xu L, Chu C, Yang C. Engineering properties of expansive soil stabilized by physically amended titanium gypsum. Construction and Building Materials. 2021 Oct 11;303:124456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124456 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124456.]
19. Lager GA, Armbruster T, Rotella FJ, Jorgensen JD, Hinks DG. A crystallographic study of the low-temperature dehydration products of gypsum, CaSO4· 2H2O: hemihydrate, CaSO4· 0.50 H2O, and γ-CaSO 4. American Mineralogist. 1984 Oct 1;69(9-10):910-9.
20. Comodi P, Nazzareni S, Zanazzi PF, Speziale S. High-pressure behavior of gypsum: A single-crystal X-ray study. American Mineralogist. 2008 Oct 1;93(10):1530-7. [DOI:10.2138/am.2008.2917]
21. Oliveira ML, Flores EM, Dotto GL, Neckel A, Silva LF. Nanomineralogy of mortars and ceramics from the Forum of Caesar and Nerva (Rome, Italy): The protagonist of black crusts produced on historic buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021 Jan 1;278:123982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123982 [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123982.]
22. Behzadi Moghadam, N & Hassanzadeh Gucci, J. Gypsum Engineering: Applied Handbook for Students and Quality Managers. Tehran: Sanabad.2015.]in Persian[. [بهزادی مقدم نرجس، حسن زاده گوجی جواد. مهندسی گچ ( هند بوک کاربردی دانشجویان و مدیران کیفیت). سند باد. تهران. 1394.]
23. Rubbo M, Massaro FR, Aquilano D, Vanzetti W. Morphology of gypsum: a case study. Crystal Research and Technology. 2011 Aug;46(8):779-83. [DOI:10.1002/crat.201000601]
24. [24] Mishmastnehi M. The Application of Crystallographic Interpretation on Technical Study of Gypsum-Based Historical Materials (Case studies of stucco decoration of Kuh-e Khwaja and Gypsum Mortars from Shadiakh and Alamut). Journal of Research on Archaeometry.1(2).1 [in Persian].[میش مست نهی محسن. کاربرد تحلیل های بلورشناسی در مطالعات فنی آثار تاریخی گچی (مطالعه ی موردی گچ بری کوه خواجه ی سیستان، ملات گچ شادیاخ نیشابور و ملات گچ قلعه الموت قزوین).پژوهه باستان سنجی. 1(2).1394.] [DOI:10.29252/jra.1.2.1]
25. Aquilano D, Otálora F, Pastero L, García-Ruiz JM. Three study cases of growth morphology in minerals: Halite, calcite and gypsum. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 2016 Jun 1;62(2):227-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012]
26. Aquilano D, Otálora F, Pastero L, García-Ruiz JM. Three study cases of growth morphology in minerals: Halite, calcite and gypsum. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 2016 Jun 1;62(2):227-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012]
27. Hargis CW, Kirchheim AP, Monteiro PJ, Gartner EM. Early age hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate (synthetic ye'elimite, C4A3S) in the presence of gypsum and varying amounts of calcium hydroxide. Cement and Concrete Research. 2013 Jun 1;48:105-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.001]
28. Pinto AJ, Jimenez A, Prieto M. Interaction of phosphate-bearing solutions with gypsum: Epitaxy and induced twinning of brushite (CaHPO4· 2H2O) on the gypsum cleavage surface. American Mineralogist. 2009 Feb 1;94(2-3):313-22. [DOI:10.2138/am.2009.3046]
29. Vogel MB, Des Marais DJ, Parenteau MN, Jahnke LL, Turk KA, Kubo MD. Biological influences on modern sulfates: Textures and composition of gypsum deposits from Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sedimentary Geology. 2010 Jan 15;223(3-4):265-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.013]
30. Al-Youssef M. Gypsum Crystals Formation and Habits, Umm Said Sabkha, Qatar. InSabkha ecosystems 2014 (pp. 23-54). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7411-7_2 [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-7411-7_2]
31. Rubbo M, Bruno M, Massaro FR, Aquilano D. The five twin laws of gypsum (CaSO4· 2H2O): a theoretical comparison of the interfaces of the contact twins. Crystal growth & design. 2012 Jan 1;12(1):264-70. [DOI:10.1021/cg201031s]
32. Brunton PA, Davies RP, Burke JL, Smith A, Aggeli A, Brookes SJ, Kirkham J. Treatment of early caries lesions using biomimetic self-assembling peptides-a clinical safety trial. British dental journal. 2013 Aug;215(4):E6-. [DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.741]
33. Van Jaarsveld F. Characterising and mapping of wind transported sediment associated with opencast gypsum mining (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).
34. Herron MM, Matteson A. Elemental composition and nuclear parameters of some common sedimentary minerals. Nuclear Geophysics. 1993;7(3):383-406. ISSN 0969-8086
35. Bohacs KM, Carroll AR, Neal JE, Mankiewicz PJ, Gierlowski-Kordesch EH, Kelts KR. Lake-basin type, source potential, and hydrocarbon character: an integrated sequence-stratigraphic-geochemical framework. Lake basins through space and time: AAPG Studies in Geology. 2000 Jan 1;46:3-4. [DOI:10.1306/St46706C1]
36. Al Heib MM, Didier C, Masrouri F. Improving short-and long-term stability of underground gypsum mine using partial and total backfill. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2010 Jul;43(4):447-61. [DOI:10.1007/s00603-009-0066-9]
37. Schmid T, Jungnickel R, Dariz P. Insights into the CaSO4-H2O system: A Raman-spectroscopic study. Minerals. 2020 Jan 29;10(2):115. [DOI:10.3390/min10020115]
38. Copsey N. Hot Mixed Lime and Traditional Mortars: A Practical Guide to Their Use in Conservation and Repair. The Crowood Press; 2019 Mar 25.
39. [Weyer A, Roig Picazo P, Pop D, Cassar J, Özköse A, Vallet JM, Srša I. EwaGlos-European illustrated glossary of conservation terms for wall paintings and architectural surfaces. Michael Imhof Verlag; 2015. ISBN 978-3-7319-0260-7.
40. Arizzi A, Cultrone G. Mortars and plasters-how to characterise hydraulic mortars. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021 Sep;13(9):1-22. [DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01404-2]
41. Gliozzo E, Pizzo A, La Russa MF. Mortars, plasters and pigments-research questions and sampling criteria. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021 Nov;13(11):1-30. [DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01393-2]
42. Frederiksen R, Marchand E, editors. Plaster casts: making, collecting and displaying from classical antiquity to the present. Walter de Gruyter; 2010 Sep 27. [DOI:10.1515/9783110216875]
43. Caroselli M, Ruffolo SA, Piqué F. Mortars and plasters-how to manage mortars and plasters conservation. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021 Nov;13(11):1-20. [DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01409-x]
44. Ergenç D, Fort R, Alvarez de Buergo M. Mortars and plasters-How to characterize aerial mortars and plasters. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021 Nov;13(11):1-28. [DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01398-x]
45. Sadeghiamirshahidi M, Vitton SJ. Laboratory study of gypsum dissolution rates for an abandoned underground mine. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2019 Jul;52(7):2053-66. [DOI:10.1007/s00603-018-1696-6]
46. Bel-Anzué P, Elert K. Changes in traditional building materials: the case of gypsum in Northern Spain. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021 Oct;13(10):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01438-6 [DOI:10.1007/s12520-021-01438-6.]
47. Oudbashi O, Shekofte A. Traditional methods of gypsum production in province of Khuzestan, southwest of Iran. InHMC08, Historical Mortars Conference Characterization, Diagnosis, Conservation, Repair and Compatibility 2008.
48. Bel-Anzué P, Almagro A, Pérez MP, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Influence of the calcination process in traditional gypsum with structural behavior. Ge-conservación. 2017 Jun 30;11:79-85. [DOI:10.37558/gec.v11i0.456]
49. Vegas F, Mileto CA, Fratini FA, Rescic SI. May a building stand upon gypsum structural walls and pillars? The use of masonry made of gypsum in traditional architecture in Spain. Proceeding of the Eight International Masonry. 2010:2183-92.
50. Yilmaz I. Differences in the geotechnical properties of two types of gypsum: alabastrine and porphyritic. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2007 May;66(2):187-195. [DOI:10.1007/s10064-006-0055-0]
51. A Hatim NA, Al-Khayat IK, Abdulla MA. Modification of gypsum products (Part I): physical and mechanical properties of adding some additives on different types of gypsum products. Al-Rafidain Dental Journal. 2007 Jun 1;7(2):206-12. [DOI:10.33899/rden.2007.39747]
52. Badens E, Veesler S, Boistelle R. Crystallization of gypsum from hemihydrate in presence of additives. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 Mar 1;198:704-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-0248(98)01206-8]
53. Winnefeld F, Martin LH, Müller CJ, Lothenbach B. Using gypsum to control hydration kinetics of CSA cements. Construction and Building Materials. 2017 Nov 30;155:154-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.217]
54. Singh NB. The activation effect of K2SO4 on the hydration of gypsum anhydrite, CaSO4 (II). Journal of the american ceramic society. 2005 Jan;88(1):196-201. [DOI:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00020.x]
55. Sievert T, Wolter A, Singh NB. Hydration of anhydrite of gypsum (CaSO4. II) in a ball mill. Cement and concrete research. 2005 Apr 1;35(4):623-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.010]
56. Golež M, Pogačnik Ž, Mladenović A. Laboratory-prepared lime-gypsum mixtures based on the know-how of traditional technology. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2018 Jul 1;32:38-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.culher.2018.02.011]
57. La Spina V. Study of traditional gypsum in Spain: Methodology and initial results. InBuilding Knowledge, Constructing Histories 2018 Jul 11 (pp. 829-836). CRC Press. 9780429446719 [DOI:10.1201/9780429506208-105]
58. Caselle C, Bonetto S, Vagnon F, Costanzo D. Dependence of macro mechanical behaviour of gypsum on micro-scale grain-size distribution. Géotechnique Letters. 2019 Dec;9(4):290-8. [DOI:10.1680/jgele.18.00206]
59. Sika Group. (It has no date)Additives for Dry Mortar & Gypsum. https://www.sika.com/en/construction/gypsum-dry-mortar.html.
60. Raghunathan T. Recent Research of Lime Mortar and FAL-G with Urea. Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 14. 2021 May 20:98-103. Print ISBN: 978-93-91215-88-0, eBook ISBN: 978-93-91215-89-7 [DOI:10.9734/bpi/aaer/v14/9261D]
61. Ashurst J, Ashurst N. Practical building conservation. Vol. 3: mortars, plasters and renders. 1988.
62. Ravi R, Thirumalini S, Taher N. Analysis of ancient lime plasters-Reason behind longevity of the Monument Charminar, India a study. Journal of Building Engineering. 2018 Nov 1;20:30-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.010]
63. Shivakumar M, Selvaraj T, Dhassaih MP. Preparation and characterization of ancient recipe of organic Lime Putty-Evaluation for its suitability in restoration of Padmanabhapuram Palace, India. Scientific reports. 2021 Jun 24;11(1):1-20. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-91680-8]
64. Dighe B, Singh M, Karche T. Traditional use of organic additives (bamboo foliage, flax fibre and millet grains) in 16th century lime plaster of Solapur Fort, India. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/56297
65. Al Sekhaneh W, Shiyyab A, Arinat M, Gharaibeh N. Use of FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis of ancient mortar from The Church of the Cross in Gerasa (Jordan) for conservation purposes. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 2020 Jan 1;20(3):159-74. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4016073
66. Badr J, Huck-Stiasny C, Drewello R. Gypsum Mortars of the Khoja Zainuddin Mosque in Bukhara (Uzbekistan)-A Contribution to Building Archaeological Studies. In2nd Conference on Historic Mortars-HMC 2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM final workshop 2010 (pp. 3-10). RILEM Publications SARL.
67. Aksamija A, Nowik W, Lehuédé P, Le Hô AS, Bormand M, Bouquillon A. Investigation of organic additives in Italian Renaissance devotion stucco reliefs from French collections. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2019 Sep 1;39:66-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.03.012 [DOI:10.1016/j.culher.2019.03.012.]
68. Li J, Zhang B. Why ancient Chinese people like to use organic-inorganic composite mortars?-Application history and reasons of organic-inorganic mortars in ancient Chinese buildings. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 2019 Jun;26(2):502-36. [DOI:10.1007/s10816-018-9380-4]
69. Rampazzi L, Colombini MP, Conti C, Corti C, Lluveras‐Tenorio A, Sansonetti A, Zanaboni M. Technology of medieval mortars: an investigation into the use of organic additives. Archaeometry. 2016 Feb;58(1):115-30. [DOI:10.1111/arcm.12155]
70. Singh M, Vinodh Kumar S. Mineralogical, chemical, and thermal characterizations of historic lime plasters of thirteenth-sixteenth-century Daulatabad Fort, India. Studies in Conservation. 2018 Nov 17;63(8):482-96. [DOI:10.1080/00393630.2018.1457765]
71. Ponce-Antón G, Zuluaga MC, Ortega LA, Agirre Mauleon J. Petrographic and Chemical-Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Cistern at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain). Minerals. 2020 Mar 31;10(4):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040311 [DOI:10.3390/min10040311.]
72. Cechova E. The effect of linseed oil on the properties of lime-based restoration mortars.2009. DOI 10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/2267.
73. ORATTAN G, JONES JR, COMPTON W. VOLUME XVIL-NO. 48. HARRISONBURG, VA., THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1882.
74. Pintea AO, Manea DL. New types of mortars obtained by aditiving traditional mortars with natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances. Procedia Manufacturing. 2019 Jan 1;32:201-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.203]
75. Binici H, Resatoglu R, Aksogan O. Effect of egg white, perlite, gypsum and fly ash in environment friendly insulation materials. Facta Universitatis. Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2019 Jan 24:329-42. ISSN 2406-0860 (Online) [DOI:10.2298/FUACE170706012B]
76. Philokyprou M. The earliest use of lime and gypsum mortars in Cyprus. InHistoric Mortars 2012 (pp. 25-35). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4635-0_3 [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-4635-0_3]
77. Brunello V, Bersani D, Rampazzi L, Sansonetti A, Tedeschi C. Gypsum based mixes for conservation purposes: Evaluation of microstructural and mechanical features. Materiales de Construcción. 2020 Mar 30;70(337):e207-. DOI: 10.3989/mc [DOI:10.3989/mc]
78. Monaco M, Aurilio M, Tafuro A, Guadagnuolo M. Sustainable mortars for application in the cultural heritage field. Materials. 2021 Jan 27;14(3):598. [DOI:10.3390/ma14030598]
79. Jroundi F, Gonzalez-Muñoz MT, Garcia-Bueno A, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Consolidation of archaeological gypsum plaster by bacterial biomineralization of calcium carbonate. Acta biomaterialia. 2014 Sep 1;10(9):3844-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.007]
80. Çolak A. Density and strength characteristics of foamed gypsum. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2000 Jun 1;22(3):193-200. [DOI:10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00008-1]
81. Palomo A, Blanco-Varela MT, Martinez-Ramirez S, Puertas F, Fortes C. Historic mortars: characterization and durability. New tendencies for research. InAdvanced Research Centre for cultural heritage interdisciplinary projects, Fifth Framework Programme Workshop 2002 Feb 4.
82. Wong LN, Jong MC. Water saturation effects on the Brazilian tensile strength of gypsum and assessment of cracking processes using high-speed video. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2014 Jul;47(4):1103-15. [DOI:10.1007/s00603-013-0436-1]
83. Vegas F, Mileto C, Ivorra S, Baeza F. Checking gypsum as structural material. InApplied Mechanics and Materials 2012 (Vol. 117, pp. 1576-1579). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. [DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.117-119.1576]
84. Sakthieswaran N, Sophia M. Effect of superplasticizers on the properties of latex modified gypsum plaster. Construction and Building Materials. 2018 Aug 10;179:675-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.150 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.150.]
85. Huang Y, Xu C, Li H, Jiang Z, Gong Z, Yang X, Chen Q. Utilization of the black tea powder as multifunctional admixture for the hemihydrate gypsum. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019 Feb 10;210:231-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.304]
86. Lewry AJ.Williamson J. The setting of gypsum plaster. Journal of materials science. Dec;29(23):6085-6090.1984 [DOI:10.1007/BF00354546]
87. Rodríguez-Navarro C. Binders in historical buildings: Traditional lime in conservation. Semin. SEM. 2012 Jun;9:91-112. ISSN 1698-5478
88. Moropoulou A, Bakolas A, Anagnostopoulou S. Composite materials in ancient structures. Cement and concrete composites. 2005 Feb 1;27(2):295-300. [DOI:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.018]
89. Iucolano F, Liguori B, Aprea P, Caputo D. Evaluation of bio-degummed hemp fibers as reinforcement in gypsum plaster. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2018 Apr 1;138:149-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.037]
90. Tarannum N, Pooja KM, Khan R. Preparation and applications of hydrophobic multicomponent based redispersible polymer powder: A review. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Jun 30;247:118579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118579 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118579.]
91. Ustinova YV. Influence of the polymeric additives on the process of calcium sulfatedihydrate crystallization. InE3S Web of Conferences 2020 (Vol. 220, p. 01035). EDP Sciences. [DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/202022001035]
92. Janus M, Zatorska J, Zając K, Kusiak-Nejman E, Czyżewski A, Morawski AW. The mechanical and photocatalytic properties of modified gypsum materials. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 2018 Oct 1;236:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2018.11.015 [DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2018.11.015.]
93. Pundir A, Garg M, Singh R. Evaluation of properties of gypsum plaster-superplasticizer blends of improved performance. Journal of Building Engineering. 2015 Dec 1;4:223-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.09.012 [DOI:10.1016/j.jobe.2015.09.012.]
94. Khalil AA, Tawfik A, Hegazy AA, El-Shahat MF. Effect of some waste additives on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum plaster composites. Construction and building materials. 2014 Oct 15;68:580-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.081 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.081.]
95. Abbood AA, Atshan AF, AL-Ridha AS. Improvement of Local Gypsum Plaster Setting Time by the Combined Usage of (TGP) and (PVA) Additives. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020 Jun 1 (Vol. 870, No. 1, p. 012106). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012106 [DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012106]
96. Benjeddou O, Soussi C, Benali M, Alyousef R. Experimental Investigation of a New Ecological Block Made by Mixing Gypsum Plaster and Desert Sand. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2020 May;45(5):4037-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04362-4 [DOI:10.1007/s13369-020-04362-4.]
97. Chindaprasirt P, Boonserm K, Chairuangsri T, Vichit-Vadakan W, Eaimsin T, Sato T, Pimraksa K. Plaster materials from waste calcium sulfate containing chemicals, organic fibers and inorganic additives. Construction and Building Materials. 2011 Aug 1;25(8):3193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.004.]
98. Hashempour M, A Samani A, Heidari A. Essential Improvements in Gypsum Mortar Characteristics. International Journal of Engineering. 2021 Feb 1;34(2):319-25. 10.5829/IJE.2021.34.02B.03 [DOI:10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.03]
99. Ma L, Xie Q, Evelina A, Long W, Ma C, Zhou F, Cha R. The effect of different additives on the hydration and gelation properties of composite dental gypsum. Gels. 2021 Aug 11;7(3):117. [DOI:10.3390/gels7030117]
100. 100Buryanov AF. Water-resistant gypsum compositions with man-made modifiers. Procedia Engineering. 2017 Jan 1;172:867-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.087 [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.087.]
101. Romero-Gómez MI, Pedreño-Rojas MA, Pérez-Galvez F, Rubio-de-Hita P. Characterization of gypsum composites with polypropylene fibers from non-degradable wet wipes. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021 Feb 1;34:101874. [DOI:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101874]
102. Camarini G, Pinto MC, de Moura AG, Manzo NR. Effect of citric acid on properties of recycled gypsum plaster to building components. Construction and Building Materials. 2016 Oct 15;124:383-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.112 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.112.]
103. Magallanes-Rivera RX, Juarez-Alvarado CA, Valdez P, Mendoza-Rangel JM. Modified gypsum compounds: An ecological-economical choice to improve traditional plasters. Construction and building materials. 2012 Dec 1;37:591-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.054 [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.054.]
104. Chernyshova N, Lesovik V, Fediuk R, Timokhin R. Enhancement of fresh properties and performances of the eco-friendly gypsum-cement composite (EGCC). Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Nov 10;260:120462. [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120462]
105. Cascione V, Maskell D, Shea A, Walker P, Mani M. Comparison of moisture buffering properties of plasters in full scale simulations and laboratory testing. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Aug 20;252:119033. [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119033]
106. Santos T, Gomes MI, Silva AS, Ferraz E, Faria P. Comparison of mineralogical, mechanical and hygroscopic characteristic of earthen, gypsum and cement-based plasters. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Sep 10;254:119222. [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119222]
107. Sai AN, Ramadoss R. A review on role of additives & pozzolanic materials in ancient structures. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021 Jan 1;43:1383-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.173]
108. Khalil AA, Tawfik A, Hegazy AA, El-Shahat MF. Effect of different forms of silica on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum plaster composites. Materiales de construcción. 2013 Dec 30;63(312):529-37. [DOI:10.3989/mc.2013.04312]
109. D'Armada P, Hirst E. Nano-lime for consolidation of plaster and stone. Journal of architectural conservation. 2012 Jan 1;18(1):63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2012.10785104 [DOI:10.1080/13556207.2012.10785104.]
110. Jean Chardin. Chardin's Travel Letter. Translated by Iqbal Yaghmaei. second edition.Tos.Tehran.2014 ]In Persian.[
111. Arroyo FN, Christoforo AL, Salvini VR, Pelissari PI, Pandolfelli VC, Luz AP, Cardoso CA. Development of plaster foam for thermal and acoustic applications. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Nov 30;262:120800. [DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120800]

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb