year 11, Issue 2 (2025)
JRA 2025, 11(2): 0-0 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Agha-Aligol D, Tofighian H, Moradi M. (2025). Study of Glass Artifacts from the Historic Port of Najirom in the Persian Gulf Using Elemental Composition Analysis: Evidence of Trade with the Eastern Mediterranean Region. JRA. 11(2), : 3 doi:10.66224/jra.2025.11.203
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-472-en.html
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-472-en.html
1- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Physics and Accelerators Research institute, Van de Graaff Laboratory, Tehran, Iran , daghaaligol@aeoi.org.ir
2- Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Archaeology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
3- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Physics and Accelerators Research institute, Van de Graaff Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
2- Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Archaeology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
3- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Physics and Accelerators Research institute, Van de Graaff Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (898 Views)
In this research project, 17 samples of glass artifacts recovered from the historic port of Najirom in the Persian Gulf dating to the early and middle Islamic period were analyzed using the micro-PIXE technique for elemental composition. The studied glass objects include 8 glass bracelets and 9 glass vessels. The primary question addressed is: What raw materials were used to manufacture these glass artifacts, and were the same materials used for both the bracelets and the vessels? Was the fluxing agent derived from the mineral natron or from plant ash? Were the glass artifacts found at Najirom locally produced, or were they imported through trade and exchange? Another objective of this study is to examine the quality and purity of the silica sources, as well as the diversity of colorants and decolorizing agents used in the manufacturing process. The results of the elemental composition analysis indicate that, with the exception of one vessel, all analyzed glass samples from the site fall into the silica–soda–lime glass type made with plant ash. However, significant variations in the weight percentages of magnesium oxide and potassium oxide in the glass compositions clearly suggest that different raw materials were used for the bracelets and vessels found at the historic port of Najirom. Moreover, the weight percentages of elements introduced into the glass from the silica source reveal that the bracelets and vessels were produced using different silica sources, which may indicate different production sites for these glass artifacts. Accordingly, it is possible that the samples recovered from Najirom were manufactured in various workshops within and outside of Iran, and brought to the port through trade and exchange. A notable example of an imported object is a perfume bottle, which falls into the natron glass type and was likely produced in the eastern Mediterranean region, in countries such as Egypt or Palestine.
Article number: 3
Technical Note: Original Research |
Subject:
Archaeometry
Received: 2025/08/25 | Accepted: 2025/12/10 | Published: 2025/12/30 | ePublished: 2025/12/30
Received: 2025/08/25 | Accepted: 2025/12/10 | Published: 2025/12/30 | ePublished: 2025/12/30
References
1. Abe, Y. (2017). Ancient glassware that traveled the Silk Road, Spring.8, Research Frontiers, Archaeology.
2. Agha-Aligol, D., Faryadian, B., & Moradi, M. (2023). Characterization of Sasanian glasses obtained in Seymareh with an archaeometric ap-proach using the micro-PIXE technique. Journal of Research on Ar-chaeometry, 9(2), 63-82. doi:10.52547/jra.9.2.381,[In Persian].
3. Agha-Aligol, D., Jafarizadeh, M., Rahbar, M., & Moradi, M. (2019). Elemental Composition of Glass Beads Excavated from Saleh Davoud Tombs in Susa by micro-PIXE: Evidences of Trade of Glass Artifacts During the Parthian Period. Journal of Research on Archae-ometry, 5(1), 143-166. doi:10.29252/jra.5.1.143,[In Persian]. [DOI:10.29252/jra.5.1.143]
4. Agha-Aligol, D., Mousavinia, M., & Fathollahi, V. (2022). Micro-PIXE analysis of early Islamic (10th-11th century AD) glass vessels from the Tape-Bahram historical site in Ray, Iran. Archaeological and An-thropological Sciences, 15(1), 1. doi:10.1007/s12520-022-01701-4. [DOI:10.1007/s12520-022-01701-4]
5. Agha-Aligol, D., Sodaei, B., Khosravi, L., & Karimi, M. (2019). Inves-tigation and Study of Glass Artifacts of the Sassanid Period; Case Study: Jahangir Dome and Gouriyeh Glasses in Ilam Province using Micro-PIXE Technique. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 5(2), 2-0,[In Persian]. [DOI:10.29252/jra.5.2.47]
6. Agha-Aligol, D., Yousefi, H., & Moradi, M. (2021). Elemental Compo-sition of Glass Artifacts Excavated from Takht-e Suleiman World Heritage Site and Ardabil Ancient Sites in Northwestern Iran by Micro-PIXE. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 7(1), 31-53. doi:10.29252/jra.7.1.31, [In Persian]. [DOI:10.52547/jra.7.1.31]
7. Agha Ali-gol, D., Omidi, K., Rahimi, T., & Moradi, M. (2022). Elemental composition of black glass bracelets of the northern coasts and the western part of the Persian Gulf by micro-PIXE technique; case study: the Shore Area of the Old Bandar Kong and the back shore of Shamd-e-Dideban. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 8(2), 165-191. doi:10.52547/jra.8.2. 165, [In Persian].
8. Balvanović, R., Šmit, Ž., Stojanović, M. M., Spasić-Đurić, D., & Branković, T. (2025). Coloured glass bracelets from Middle Byz-antine (11th-12th century CE) Morava and Braničevo (Serbia). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 61, 104950. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104950]
9. Bayat Nejad, F., Emami, S.M.A, Chehri, M. E., Kolbadinejad, M., Aquilanti, G., Salimi, E. , Chapoulie, R. (2025). Insights into late Sasanian glass workshop at the city of Istakhr, Fras; synchrotron XRF radiation techniques for glass characterization. Archaeometry, 67(6), 1500-1514. doi:10.1111/arcm.13104. [DOI:10.1111/arcm.13104]
10. Bertini, C., Henderson, J., & Chenery, S. (2020). Seventh to eleventh century CE glass from Northern Italy: between continuity and in-novation. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12(6), 120. doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01048-8 [DOI:10.1007/s12520-020-01048-8]
11. Bible, J., Datta, S., & Datta, S. (2013). Chapter 4 -Cluster Analysis: Finding Groups in Data. In K. Rajan (Ed.), Informatics for Materials Science and Engineering (pp. 53-70). Oxford: Butter-worth-Heinemann. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-394399-6.00004-7]
12. Brill, R. H. (1999). Chemical analyses of early glasses: Vols I and II, Corning Museum of Glass, New York.
13. Cagno, S., Cosyns, P., Izmer, A., Vanhaecke, F., Nys, K., & Janssens, K. (2014). Deeply colored and black-appearing Roman glass: a con-tinued research. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42(Supplement C), 128-139. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2013.11.003]
14. Cagno, S., Favaretto, L., Mendera, M., Izmer, A., Vanhaecke, F., & Janssens, K. (2012). Evidence of early medieval soda ash glass in the archaeological site of San Genesio (Tuscany). Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(5), 1540-1552. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.031]
15. Campbell, J. L., Boyd, N. I., Grassi, N., Bonnick, P., & Maxwell, J. A. (2010). The Guelph PIXE software package IV. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 268(20), 3356-3363. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.07.012]
16. Caponetti, E., Armetta, F., Brusca, L., Chillura Martino, D., Saladino, M. L., Ridolfi, S.,Tusa, S. (2017). A multivariate approach to the study of orichalcum ingots from the underwater Gela's archaeological site. Microchemical Journal, 135, 163-170. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2017.09.003]
17. Chinni, T., Fiorentino, S., Silvestri, A., Mantellini, S., Berdimuradov, A. E., & Vandini, M. (2023). Glass from the Silk Roads. Insights into new finds from Uzbekistan. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 48, 103841. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103841]
18. De Juan Ares, J., Calderón, N. F., Muñiz López, I., García Álvarez-Busto, A., & Schibille, N. (2018). Islamic soda-ash glasses in the Christian kingdoms of Asturias and León (Spain). Journal of Archaeological Sci-ence: Reports, 22, 257-263. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.09.026]
19. Emami, S. M. A., & Pakgohar, S. (2017). Glass Wires from Chogha Zanbil: Preliminary Glass Making Evidence in Iran in the Early 2rd Millennium BC. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 3(1), 1-15. doi:10.29252/jra.3.1.1[In Persian]. [DOI:10.29252/jra.3.1.1]
20. Fiorentino, S., Venezia, B., Schibille, N., & Vandini, M. (2019). Streams across the Silk Roads? The case of Islamic glass from Ghazni. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 25, 153-170. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.04.002]
21. Freestone, I. C., Jackson-Tal, R. E., Taxel, I., & Tal, O. (2015). Glass production at an Early Islamic workshop in Tel Aviv. Journal of Archaeological Science, 62, 45-54. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.07.003 [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2015.07.003]
22. Freestone, I. C., Ponting, M., & Hughes, M. J. (2002). The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus. Archaeometry, 44(2), 257-272. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00058 [DOI:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00058]
23. Freestone, I.C., Gorin-Rosen, Y., Hughes, M.J. (2000) Primary glass from Israel and the production of glass in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period, in Colloqueorganisé en 1989 par l'Association française pour l'Archéologie du Verre (AFAV). MOM Éditions, Année 33, 65-83.
24. Gliozzo, E. (2017). The composition of colourless glass: a review. Ar-chaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(4), 455-483. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0388-y [DOI:10.1007/s12520-016-0388-y]
25. Gliozzo, E., Lepri, B., Saguì, L., & Turbanti Memmi, I. (2017). Col-ourless glass from the Palatine and Esquiline hills in Rome (Italy). New data on antimony- and manganese-decoloured glass in the Roman period. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(2), 165-180. doi:10.1007/s12520-015-0264-1 [DOI:10.1007/s12520-015-0264-1]
26. Grime, G. W., & Watt, F. (1988). Focusing protons and light ions to micron and submicron dimensions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 30(3), 227-234. doi: [DOI:10.1016/0168-583X(88)90002-X]
27. Henderson, J. (2002). Tradition and Experiment in First Millennium A.D. Glass ProductionThe Emergence of Early Islamic Glass Technology in Late Antiquity. Accounts of Chemical Research, 35(8), 594-602. doi:10.1021/ar0002020 [DOI:10.1021/ar0002020]
28. Henderson, J., Chenery, S., Faber, E., & Kröger, J. (2016). The use of electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the investigation of 8th-14th century plant ash glasses from the Middle East. Microchemical Journal, 128, 134-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2016.03.013 [DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2016.03.013]
29. Henderson, J., Chenery, S., Kröger, J., & Faber, E. W. Glass Provenance along the Silk Road: The Use of Trace Element Analysis. In Recent Advances in the Scientific Research on Ancient Glass and Glaze (pp. 17-42). [DOI:10.1142/9789814630290_0002]
30. Henderson, J., Ma, H., & Evans, J. (2020). Glass production for the Silk Road? Provenance and trade of islamic glasses using isotopic and chemical analyses in a geological context. Journal of Archaeological Science, 119, 105164. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105164]
31. Jackson, C. M., Paynter, S., Nenna, M.-D., & Degryse, P. (2018). Glassmaking using natron from el-Barnugi (Egypt); Pliny and the Roman glass industry. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 10(5), 1179-1191. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0447-4 [DOI:10.1007/s12520-016-0447-4]
32. Johansson, S. A. E., & Campbell, J. L. (1988). PIXE: a novel technique for elemental analysis: Wiley. [DOI:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84112-4]
33. Karalis, P., Dotsika, E., Godelitsas, A., Antonaras, A., & Oikonomidis, S. (2024). Mineral natron, plant-ash and high-alumina byzantine glass bracelets: Possible byzantine primary glass production in Asia Minor. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 54, 104452. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104452]
34. Lü, Q. Q., Basafa, H., Henderson, J. (2023). Connected in diversity: Isotopic analysis refines provenance for Islamic plant-ash glass from the eastern Silk Roads. iScience, 26(12), 108450. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108450]
35. Kato, N., Nakai, I., & Shindo, Y. (2010). Transitions in Islamic plant-ash glass vessels: on-site chemical analyses conducted at the Raya/al-Tur area on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(7), 1381-1395. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.042 [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.042]
36. Koleini, F., Colomban, P., Doosti Sani, N., Niakan, L. (2024). Glass Finds from the Elite House of Roue, a Sasanian City Building in Western Iran: Composition and Classification Using XRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Heritage, 7(11), 6137-6150. [DOI:10.3390/heritage7110288]
37. Kroger, J. (1995). Nishapur glass of the early islamic period: The Met-ropolitan Museum of Art, NewYork.
38. Lin, Y., Liu, T., Toumazou, M. K., Counts, D. B., & Kakoulli, I. (2019). Chemical analyses and production technology of archaeological glass from Athienou-Malloura, Cyprus. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 23, 700-713. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.011]
39. Machado, A., Wolf, S., Alves, L. C., Katona-Serneels, I., Serneels, V., Trümpler, S., & Vilarigues, M. (2017). Swiss Stained-Glass Panels: An Analytical Study. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 23(4), 878-890. doi:10.1017/S1431927617000629 [DOI:10.1017/S1431927617000629]
40. Mirti, P., CASOLI, A., & APPOLONIA, L. (1993). Scientific analysis of Roman glass from Augusta Praetoria. Archaeometry, 35(2), 225-240. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1993.tb01037.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1993.tb01037.x]
41. Mirti, P., Pace, M., Malandrino, M., & Ponzi, M. N. (2009). Sasanian glass from Veh Ardašīr: new evidences by ICP-MS analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(4), 1061-1069. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.008 [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.008]
42. Mirti, P., Pace, M., Negro Ponzi, M. M., & Aceto, M. (2008). ICP-MS analysis of glass fragments of Parthian and Sasanian epoch from Seleucia and Veh Ardašhir (Central Iraq). Archaeometry, 50(3), 429-450. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00344.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00344.x]
43. Moorey, P.R.S.(1994). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Clarendon press, Oxford.
44. Nash-Pye, C. K., Meek, A., Schibille, N., & Simpson, S. J. (2025). High alumina plant ash (v-Na-Al) glass bangles from Siraf: Clarifications on a Central Asian glass group (9th-14th century). Journal of Ar-chaeological Science: Reports, 62, 104970. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.104970]
45. Nastasi, M., Mayer, J. W., & Wang, Y. (2014). Ion Beam Analysis: Fun-damentals and Applications: Taylor & Francis. [DOI:10.1201/b17310]
46. Oikonomou, A., Henderson, J., & Chenery, S. (2020). Provenance and technology of fourth-second century BC glass from three sites in ancient Thesprotia, Greece. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12. doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01222-y [DOI:10.1007/s12520-020-01222-y]
47. Oikonomou, A., & Triantafyllidis, P. (2018). An archaeometric study of Archaic glass from Rhodes, Greece: Technological and provenance issues. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.004]
48. Paynter, S. (2006). Analyses of colourless Roman glass from Binchester, County Durham. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(8), 1037-1057. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.024]
49. Phelps, M., Freestone, I. C., Gorin-Rosen, Y., & Gratuze, B. (2016). Natron glass production and supply in the late antique and early medieval Near East: The effect of the Byzantine-Islamic transition. Journal of Archaeological Science, 75, 57-71. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.08.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2016.08.006]
50. Rasmussen, S.C.(2012). How Glass Changed the World: The History and Chemistry of Glass from Antiquity to the 13th Century, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-28183-9]
51. Rehren, T. (2008). A review of factors affecting the composition of early Egyptian glasses and faience: alkali and alkali earth oxides. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(5), 1345-1354. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2007.09.005]
52. Rehren, T., & Freestone, I. C. (2015). Ancient glass: from kaleidoscope to crystal ball. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 233-241. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.021 [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.021]
53. Rosenow, D., Phelps, M., Meek, A., & Freestone, I. (2018). Things that Travelled: Mediterranean Glass in the First Millennium AD: UCL Press.
54. Russell, J. L., Campbell, J. L., Boyd, N. I., & Dias, J. F. (2017). GUMAP: A GUPIXWIN-compatible code for extracting regional spectra from nuclear microbeam list mode files. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.nimb.2017.08.013]
55. Salehvand, N., Agha-Aligol, D., Shishegar, A., & Rachti, M. L. (2020). The study of chemical composition of Persian glass vessels of the early Islamic centuries (10th−11th centuries AD) by micro-PIXE; Case Study: Islamic collection in the National Museum of Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29, 102034. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102034 [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102034.]
56. Sarfaraz, A. A. (2005). Archaeological Survey and Identification of Ancient Monuments in Deyr. Retrieved from Tehran,[In Persian].
57. Sayre, E. V., & Smith, R. W. (1961). Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass. Science, 133(3467), 1824-1826. [DOI:10.1126/science.133.3467.1824]
58. Schibille, N. (2022). Islamic Glass in the Making: Chronological and Geographical Dimensions. [DOI:10.2307/j.ctv2bfhhht]
59. Schibille, N., Lankton, J., & Gratuze, B. (2022). Compositions of early Islamic glass along the Iranian Silk Road. Geochemistry, 125903. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2022.125903 [DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2022.125903]
60. Schibille, N., Sterrett-Krause, A., & Freestone, I. C. (2017). Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage. Archae-ological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(6), 1223-1241. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0316-1 [DOI:10.1007/s12520-016-0316-1]
61. Schwarz, P. (1993). Historical Geography of Fars (K. Jahandari, Trans.). Tehran: Society of Cultural Works and Honors.
62. Shortland, A. J., Kirk, S., Eremin, K., Degryse, P., Walton, M. (2018). The Analysis of Late Bronze Age Glass from Nuzi and the Question of the Origin of Glass-Making. Archaeometry, 60(4), 764-783. doi:doi:10.1111/arcm.12332 [DOI:10.1111/arcm.12332]
63. Sodaei, B., Agha Ali Gol, D., & Khosravi, L. (2023). Typology, Mor-phology, and elemental analysis of Early Islamic period glass bracelets from Jahangir dome and Goriye tape in Ilam province. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 9(2), 1-20. doi:10.52547/jra.9.2.376,[In Persian].
64. Strange, G. L. (1994). The Historical Geography of the Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (M. Erfan, Trans.). Tehran: Scientific and Cul-tural Publications Company.
65. Swan, C. M., Rehren, T., Lankton, J., Gratuze, B., & Brill, R. H. (2017). Compositional observations for Islamic Glass from Sīrāf, Iran, in the Corning Museum of Glass collection. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16, 102-116. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.020]
66. Theodoridis, S. (2015). Chapter 19 - Dimensionality Reduction and Latent Variables Modeling. In S. Theodoridis (Ed.), Machine Learning (pp. 937-1011). Oxford: Academic Press. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-801522-3.00019-7]
67. Tofighian, H. (2009). Study and Identification of Historic Ports of the Persian Gulf in the Bushehr Province Region. Retrieved from Tehran,[In Persian].
68. Tofighian, H. (2021). Archaeological Studies Including Test Trenches to Determine the Boundaries, Proposed Buffer Zones, and Stratigraphy of the Historic Port of Najīrom. Retrieved from Tehran, [In Persian].
69. Tofighian, H., & Ranjbar, M. (2022). Coins of the historical port of Najiram. Tehran: Ganjineh Honar[In Persian].
70. Tofighian, H. (2023). Archaeological Survey and Identification of Bandar Deyr County. Retrieved from Tehran,[In Persian]. .
71. Van Der Linden, V., Cosyns, P., Schalm, O., Cagno, S., Nys, K., Janssens, K., Bulska, E. (2009). Deeply coloured and black glass in the northern provinces of the roman empire: differences and similarities in chemical composition before and after AD 150. Archaeometry, 51(5), 822-844. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00434.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00434.x]
72. Varberg, J., Gratuze, B., & Kaul, F. (2015). Between Egypt, Mesopo-tamia and Scandinavia: Late Bronze Age glass beads found in Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science, 54, 168-181. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.036]
73. Venclová, N., Křížová, Š., Dillingerová, V., & Vaculovič, T. (2018). Hellenistic cast monochrome glass vessels from Staré Hradisko, 2nd-1st cent. BCE. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.003]
74. Vicenzi, E. P., Eggins, S., Logan, A., & Wysoczanski, R. (2002). Mi-crobeam Characterization of Corning Archeological Reference Glasses: New Additions to the Smithsonian Microbeam Standard Collection. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 107(6), 719-727. doi:10.6028/jres.107.058 [DOI:10.6028/jres.107.058]
75. Wang, Y., Rehren, T., Tan, Y., Cong, D., Jia, P. W., Henderson, J., Chen, K. (2020). New evidence for the transcontinental spread of early faience. Journal of Archaeological Science, 116, 105093. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105093]
76. Watt, F. (1997). The nuclear microprobe: a unique instrument. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 130(1), 1-8. doi: [DOI:10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00164-X]
77. Whitehouse, D. (1968). Excavations at Sīrāf; First Interim Report. Iran, 6, 1-22. doi:10.2307/4299597 [DOI:10.2307/4299597]
78. Whitehouse, D. (1969). Excavations at Sīrāf: Second Interim Report. Iran, 7, 39-62. doi:10.2307/4299612 [DOI:10.2307/4299612]
79. Whitehouse, D. (1971). Excavations at Sīrāf: Fourth Interim Report. Iran, 9, 1-17. doi:10.2307/4300434 [DOI:10.2307/4300434]
80. Whitehouse, D. (1972). Excavations at Sīrāf: Fifth Interim Report. Iran, 10, 63-87. doi:10.2307/4300466 [DOI:10.2307/4300466]
81. Whitehouse, D. (1974). Excavations at Sīrāf: Sixth Interim Report. Iran, 12, 1-30. doi:10.2307/4300502 [DOI:10.2307/4300502]
82. Whitehouse, D. (2007). Siraf: The Sasanian Port. Paper presented at the In The Persian Gulf in the Words of Others.
83. Wood, M., Panighello, S., Orsega, E. F., Robertshaw, P., van Elteren, J. T., Crowther, A., Boivin, N. (2017). Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: the glass bead evidence. Archaeo-logical and Anthropological Sciences, 9(5), 879-901. doi:10.1007/s12520-015-0310-z [DOI:10.1007/s12520-015-0310-z]
84. Wypyski, M. (2015). Chemical analysis of early islamic glass from Ni-shapur. 57, 121-136.
85. Zori, C., Fulton, J., Tropper, P., & Zori, D. (2023). Glass from the 11th-13th century medieval castle of San Giuliano (Lazio Province, Central Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 47, 103731. doi: [DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103731]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
