year 7, Issue 2 (2021)
JRA 2021, 7(2): 37-56 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bater M, Ahmadi H, Abedi Koupai J. A New Method for Measuring Permeability and the Insulation Property of Earthen Materials Against Moisture and Rainfall in Archaeological Sites and Monuments. JRA 2021; 7 (2) :37-56
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-304-en.html
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-304-en.html
1- Department of Conservation and Restoration of Historical Artifacts, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran , masoud.bater@uoz.ac.ir
2- Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
2- Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract: (1262 Views)
Today, accurate and scientific study of archaeological findings and historical and cultural property in many studies, especially in archeometry and restoration, relies on the use of experimental methods. The ability to replicate and generalize the results of applying practical methods using laboratory methods on the statistical population makes researchers more confident in analyzing the results of objective experiments to achieve reality. However, access to scientific and standard laboratory methods is one of the essential requirements of experimental techniqes that can be employed to accurately measure and evaluate the various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of historical and cultural samples. The purpose of this study is to find a standard test that can use to measure the permeability and insulation properties of materials used in historical buildings against moisture. To achieve this goal, for the first time, falling head method was used to measure the permeability and insulation of traditional and ancient Kahgel plaster against moisture in historical buildings and architectural heritage. The samples of Kahgel plaster improved with different additives were compared to the typical Kahgel plaster samples as a control sample. Results of the study showed that using the laboratory method, reconstructed the conditions and behavior of water during adsorption and penetration into historical samples materials and represent their actual performance against moisture and rainfall. Therefore, it is possible to measure their permeability and insulating properties of earthen materials against water quantitatively in saturated conditions with this method.
Keywords: Laboratory Study, Historical Materials, Permeability, Insulation Against Moisture, Kahgel Plaster, Mud Adobe
Technical Note: Original Research |
Subject:
Conservation Science
Received: 2021/10/24 | Accepted: 2021/12/24 | Published: 2021/12/25 | ePublished: 2021/12/25
Received: 2021/10/24 | Accepted: 2021/12/24 | Published: 2021/12/25 | ePublished: 2021/12/25
References
1. Seyed Sadr, Seyed Abolghasem. Encyclopedia of Architecture and Urban Development, First Edition, Tehran: Azadeh Publication; 2002. [in Persian] [صدر، سید ابوالقاسم . دایره المعارف معماری و شهرسازی، چاپ اول، تهران: آزاد؛ 1381.]
2. Rafiee sereshki, B., Rafizadeh, N. & Ranjbar Kermani, A. Vocabulary of home spaces, holy culture Architecture Iran, Tehran: Markaz- e tahghighat- e sakhteman va maskan; 2004. [in Persian] [رفیعی سرشکی، بیژن، رفیع‌‌‌زاده، ندا و رنجبر کرمانی، علی محمد. فرهنگ مهرازی (معماری) ایران، چاپ اول، تهران: مرکز تحقیقات ساختمان و مسکن؛ 1383.]
3. Sarmadnahri, A and Kardan, M. Complete reference for recognizing building materials, Third Editions Edition, Tehran: Motefakeran Publication; 2010. [in Persian] [سرمدنهری، امیر و کاردان، محسن. مرجع کامل شناخت مصالح ساختمانی، چاپ سوم، تهران: متفکران؛ 1388. ].
4. Hajabbasi, M. A. Soil physical properties, First Edition, Isfahan: IsfahanUniversity of Technology Publication; 2007. [in Persian] [حاج عباسی، محمد علی. خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک، چاپ اول، اصفهان: دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان؛ 1386. ]
5. Bater M, Ahmadi H, Emadi R. The Effect of Silicates Micronized Additives on Reduction of Permeability and Erosion due to Artificial Rainfall of Kahgel Plaster. JWSS. 2017; 21 (1) :199. [in Persian] باتر مسعود، احمدی حسین، عمادی رحمت اله. تأثیر افزودنی‌های میکرونیزه سیلیکاتی در کاهش[
.]نفوذپذیری و فرسایش ناشی از بارش مصنوعی اندود کاهگل. مجله علوم آب و خاک. ۱۳۹۶; ۲۱ (۱) :199 [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.jstnar.21.1.185]
6. Roy, Sangeeta, Chowdhury, Swaptik. "Earth as an Energy Efficient and Sustainable Building Material", International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), 2013, 1(2), 248-252.
7. Maheri, Mahmoud R., Maheri, Alireza, Pourfallah, Saeed, Azarm, Ramin, & Hadjipour, Akbar. Improving the Durability of Straw-Reinforced Clay Plaster Cladding for Earthen Buildings. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2011, 5(3), 349-366. [DOI:10.1080/15583051003663859]
8. Aflaki, E. Theory and Standards of Soil Mechanics, Third Editions, Tehran: JIHAD Amirkabir University Publication; 2011. [in Persian] [افلاکی، اسماعیل. مبانی نظری و استانداردهای آزمایش‌‌‌های مکانیک خاک. چاپ اول. تهران: نشر جهاد دانشگاهی؛ 1389.].
9. AL-Doury, M. 2010. A discussion about hydraulic permeability and permeability. Petroleum Sci. Technol, 2010, 28, 1740-1749. [DOI:10.1080/10916460903261715]
10. Seelheim, F. Method for the determination of permeability of the soil. Zeitschrift Fur Analytische Chemie, 1880, 19, 387-402. [DOI:10.1007/BF01341054]
11. Scheidegger, A. E. The Physics of Flow through Porous Media. 3rd Ed. University Toronto Press. 1974.
12. Chapuis, R. P. Predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of sand and gravel using effective diameter and void ratio. Canadian Geotech. J, 2004, 41(5):787-795. [DOI:10.1139/t04-022]
13. Bagarello, V. and M. Iovino. Field testing parameter sensitivity of the two-term infiltration equation using differentiated linearization. Vadose Zone J., 2002 2: 358-367. [DOI:10.2113/2.3.358]
14. Mandal, U.K., A.K. Bhardwaj, D.N. Warrington, D. Goldstein, A. Bartal and Levy. G. J. Changes in soil hydraulic conductivity, runoff, and soil loss due to irrigation with different types of saline-sodic water. Geoderma, 2007, 144. 509-516. [DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.01.005]
15. Banihabib,, M., Iranpour, M. Effect of some soil physical and chemical properties on permeability in field conditions. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 2012; 2(4): 14-25. [in Persian] [بنی حبیب, محمد ابراهیم, ایران پور, مهران. تأثیر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی بر نفوذپذیری خاک در شرایط مزرعه‌ای. نشریه علمی پژوهشی مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران، 25-14: (4)2؛ 1391. ].
16. Hwang, S., K.P. Lee, D.S. Lee and S.E. Powers. Models for estimating soil particle-size distributions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2002, l66: 1143-1150. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj2002.1143]
17. Lado, M., A. Paz and M. Ben-Hur. Organic matter and aggregate size interactions in infiltration, seal formation, and soil loss. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2004, 68: 935-942. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj2004.9350]
18. Lin H.S., K.J. McInnes, L.P. Wilding and C.T. Hallmark. Macroporosity and initial moisture effects on infiltration rates in vertisols and vertic intergrades. Soil Sci., 1998, 163 (1): 2-8. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-199801000-00002]
19. Oster, J.D. and I. Shainberg. Soil responses to sodicity and salinity: challenges and opportunities. Aust. J. Soil Res., 2001, 39: 1219-1224. [DOI:10.1071/SR00051]
20. Halliwell, D.J., K.M. Barlow and D.M. Nash. A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems. Aust. J. Soil Res; 2001, 39: 1259-1267. [DOI:10.1071/SR00047]
21. Davis, J.G., R.M. Waskom, T.A. Bauder and G.E. Cardon. Managing Sodic Soils Colorado State University, Cooperative Extension, 2005.
22. Van Es, H.M., D.K. Cassel and R.B. Daniels. Infiltration variability and correlations with surface soil properties for an eroded hapludult. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1991, 55: 486-492. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020032x]
23. Romkens, M.J., M. S.H. Luk, J.W.A. Poesen and A.R. Mermut. Rainfall infiltration into loess soils from different geographic regions. Catena, 1995, 25: 21-32. [DOI:10.1016/0341-8162(94)00039-H]
24. Hwang, S., K.P. Lee, D.S. Lee and S.E. Powers. Models for estimating soil particle-size distributions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2002, l66: 1143-1150. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj2002.1143]
25. Liu, Y., T.S. Steenhuis and Y. Parlange. Closed-form solution for finger width in sandy soils at different water contents. Water Reso. Res., 1994, (4): 949-952. [DOI:10.1029/94WR00068]
26. Lin H.S., K.J. McInnes, L.P. Wilding and C.T. Hallmark. Macroporosity and initial moisture effects on infiltration rates in vertisols and vertic intergrades. Soil Sci., 1998, 163 (1): 2-8. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-199801000-00002]
27. Das, B.M. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Seventh Editions, Tehran: Iran University press; 2013. [in Persian] [داس، براجا ام. اصول مهندسی ژئوتکنیک مکانیک خاک، چاپ اول. تهران: کتاب دانشگاهی؛ 1391. ]
28. Bater M, Ahmadi H, Abedi Koupai J, Emadi R. The Effect of Curing Time on Compressive and Tensile Strength of Traditional Kahgel. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment. 2017 Jun 10;36(157):69-86. [in Persian] [باتر، مسعود؛ احمدی، حسین؛ عابدی کوپایی، جهانگیر و عمادی، رحمت اله. تأثیر مدت زمان عمل‌آوری ملات سنتی کاهگل بر مقاومت فشاری و کششی آن، مسکن و محیط روستا، 36(157)؛1396]
29. Eftekhariyan, L; Titidezh, O; Mahinrosta, R; Khakbaz, B; Sarang, A; Navari, M; Sadeghiyan, P. Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Forth Editions, Tehran: Iran University press; 2012. [in Persian] [افتخاریان، لیلا؛ تی تی دژ، امید؛ مهین روستا، رضا؛ خاکباز، بهناز؛ سارنگ، امین؛ نواری، مهدی و صادقیان،پدرام. آزمایشگاه مکانیک خاک، چاپ چهارم، تهران: نشر کتاب دانشگاهی؛ 1390]
30. Aflaki, E. Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Ninth Editions, Tehran: Elm va Sanat 110, Publication; 2012. [in Persian] [افلاکی، اسماعیل. آزمایشگاه مکانیک خاک. چاپ نهم. تهران: علم و صنعت 110؛ 1390. ]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
