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Context of the archaeological findings is an important part of these artifacts and many useful information, regarding the provenance, application and dating of findings must be determined considering the characteristic of corresponding context. In some cases, the context of an historical objects is missing and hence, the accuracy of the information regarding the historical object is unsatisfactory. However, some types of laboratory experiments are able to provide the required information regarding the archaeological context of the object. In this study, it was tried to find the context of five gray Iron Age pottery pieces belong to the Museum of Ancient Iran. In order to identify and measure the elements in sediments and body of the samples, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique was used. Also, to identify the anions present in sediments on the samples, ion chromatography (IC) technique was employed. The results showed that, the sample MB-1 and MB-2, on the basis of elements present, have the same context, where the specifications are very close to the cemetery. Also, based on the high concentrations of calcium carbonate deposits in the chemical composition of MB-3, this sample could be related to the kitchen or floor of a residential area. Regarding the samples termed MB-4 and MB-5, as the results of elemental analysis showed the presence of some elements such as potassium, magnesium, iron, and titanium and, a positive correlation of these elements with each other, as well as a negative correlation between potassium and magnesium with Si, the context ought to be associated with fire, such as oven and grill found in the kitchen. Results of polarized light microscopy (PM) also showed a close correlation and structural similarity based on the type of tempering with gray earthenware tempering, traditionally used during the Iron Age, which are clay minerals having relatively smooth and homogeneous texture in all the samples.

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Under the influence of space-making factors and forces, human settlements have always been changing and evolving by influence of various internal and external processes. In the meanwhile, human settlements, as a part of geographical systems, which themselves are composed of related components, affected by their spatial location, have been interacted with or related to the environment. Among them, the role of environmental-natural factors is very prominent in the spatial organization of human settlements; Because the formation, continuation or abandonment of settlements is based on the use of water and soil resources and sometimes their durability and stability is in the presence or absence of natural resources. Environmental and natural contexts provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of human settlements, but some of them have more stable conditions than other factors. These parameters are slope, altitude, water resources, soil and land potential. The present study is a descriptive-analytical one that investigates the settlement patterns and distribution of Iron Age sites in the Middle Atrak basin. In order to achieve the research objectives, 6 natural factors including the site area, altitude, slope, of the site distances from water sources, communication routes, type of vegetation and soil have been selected as effective factors in establishing settlements and have been analyzed using statistical methods in GIS and SPSS software. Investigation of Pearson correlation coefficient on the area of sites with altitude factor is 0/480 and the type of soil where the sites are located is 0/490. These two figures are strong and positive and indicate a high relationship between the site area and these two factors. Relationship between the site areas with the distance from permanent water sources, communication paths and slop, the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0/830, 0/880 and 0/810 respectively. This figure shows the relationship of high, strong and inverse level of significance between area and water resources, land slope and communication path. Pearson correlation coefficient shows that the relationship between the area of the sites and vegetation is 0/389. This figure shows the average relationship. It seems that natural settings have had a great impact on the location, expansion and physical development of Iron Age settlements and the sites of this period have been formed in two parts of sedimentary plain and mountainous region. So that the Iron Age people have chosen a different patterns of living and settlement to adapt to the environment of the Atrak river basin. A very large group of sites is ones that have good access to pastures on the edge of the plain, are located on high slopes and have a small area, indicating that seasonal sites with dryland farming and livestock subsistence economy. The second group is three sites located on low slopes, at the bottom of the plain with rich sedimentary soils, next to communication routes and water sources, and their area is much larger than the first group and show that permanent villages with livestock and agriculture are. Finally, the third group is a site that is the largest area in the region and its location in a strategic area and on the communication route, which controls two plains and the possibility of a central area such as the city, is not far from the mind.

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Abstract: One of the predominant statistical methods in archaeological predictive modelling is logistic regression. The probabilistic model created by this method is appropriate for the purposes of this paper. When the dependent variable can be studied as a binary value, the logistic regression method is applicable. In this statistical approach, the binary value is referred to as the dependent variable with the value for the presence/absence of the archaeological site. The results in the probability value between 1 and 0. Environmental factors are defined as independent variables, and logistic regression calculates the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable, as well as the probable value of the dependent variable at all points on the map. With such an approach to statistical concepts and the use of logistic regression models with data from archeological field studies, this article analyzed and interpreted the results in the area of Bijar city in Kurdistan province. A total of 71 Iron Age sites as input for predictive modeling led to the presentation of an optimal proposal to prepare the model for such approaches in archeology. The results not only help save time and money and increase the accuracy of archaeological investigations for future projects, but also show a predictive accuracy of 90.4% by indicating areas of high probability and reducing the scope of investigation. It has also been shown that the independent variables of rivers and settlements had the greatest impact on the model's output and on the formation of areas in the landscape.

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Kheibar is one of the big Tell sites of Kermanshah province and central Zagros, and considering the dimensions and size of the site, the selection of a point for the excavation was considered one of the important issues in the exploration strategy of this site. Therefore, the expedition of excavation was determined at the beginning of the field excavations to find out the condition of the remains under the surface in the places where the architectural structures are completely buried. In this regard, the first season was dedicated to Geophysical Prospection, which was done by the Magnetic method. One of the goals of this survey was to locate structures and clarify the condition of the buried remains at the top of the site, for this reason, an area of ​​3000m2 was investigated. The anomalies in this section indicated the presence of heated structures that were probably brick structures. Considering the scattering of Iron Age bricks on the surface of this section and the importance of Tapeh Kheibar as an important Iron Age center, the excavation expedition hoped to find architectural remains from this period by excavating this area. excavation (Summer 2018) of two 10 x 10 trenches in the area of ​​anomalies revealed the remains of brick structures, which are the remains of two large rectangular brick pillars made of Iron Age bricks. The result of the excavation showed that the Iron Age bricks were reused in a secondary context, in a large building of the Parthian period. This showed that although the Geophysical Prosecution was able to provide useful information about the location and nature of the buried remains in the investigated area, the reuse of these materials in the ancient period made the expedition far from obtaining the answer to its question. Therefore, it should be noted that the issue of the reuse of old materials or the cycles of use and reuse of cultural materials in multi-period sites may increase the complexity of fieldwork issues and even in cases such as the current experience cause confusion.

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By entering the first millennium BC archery became more prominent among the armies of the Near East. we can see a considerable increase in arrowheads among the findings of Iron Age cemeteries, settlements, and fortifications in the western part of the Iranian plateau and its neighboring areas. Along this increase, various and sometimes emerging forms (Socketed Trilobate) appear in the culture of the region, which cannot be considered a normal feature for a widely used weapon such as an arrow, and why it can provide an important understanding of the engineering capabilities and design of weapons in this period. Therefore, a test was designed using the 3D modeling and ABAQUS simulation program based on the finite element method, which enables the reconstruction of the conditions and performance of such weapons, and For this purpose, three types of bronze arrowheads were selected from the findings of the excavations of 1395 and 1396 in the eastern cemetery of Qara Tepe, Segzabad, and one type was also selected from the findings of Persepolis. In total, 16 simulated shots at two conventional defensive covers in this period, scale and linen armor, in two different final velocity ranges from angled bows (63.2 to 74.2 m/s) and B-shaped (54.7 to 64.3 m/s) at distances of 7.5 m, 15 and 30. The results of the tests revealed that the arrowheads' geometric properties and the armor's mechanical properties were the main factors influencing the arrowheads' perforation ability under the simulation conditions.
 

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