2026-08-17T19:48:16+03:30 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/browse.php?mag_id=24&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

24-370 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Nasrin Dadashzadeh Nasrindadashzadeh80@gmail.com Masoud B. Kasiri m.kasiri@gmail.com Hamideh Rashid hamide@yahoo.com Mohamad Hamedpour Darabi m.hamedpour@yahoo.com Akbar Abedi akbar0abedi@tabriziau0ac.ir Atekeh Aslani aslani@yahoo.com Paleomagnetism is an interdisciplinary field that bridges geophysics and archaeology, focusing on the study of variations in the Earth’s magnetic field throughout human history. This method utilizes periodic changes in the geomagnetic field and the properties of certain archaeological materials that can record the direction and intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field, enabling the relative dating of artifacts. The samples analyzed in this research were selected from pottery artifacts excavated at the archaeological sites of Kul Tepe Jolfa and Dava Göz Khoy. These samples span various chronological periods, ranging from the Neolithic to the Kura-Araxes II period (5215–2638 BCE), with their absolute ages previously determined using the radiocarbon (14C) dating method. The objective of this study was to develop a reference curve illustrating periodic variations in the inclination of the ancient magnetic field and to establish a relative dating tool for estimating the age of unidentified samples from the same temporal range. To achieve this, laboratory techniques were employed, including: 1) Measurement of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility using the Kappabridge instrument. 2) Detection of superparamagnetic minerals via frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements using the Bartington apparatus. 3) Magnetic mineralogy analysis conducted with a Multi-Function Kappabridge. Thermal demagnetization was used to eliminate secondary magnetization and isolate the primary magnetic signature. The analyzed samples exhibited comparable magnetic behavior, attributed to the prevalence of ferromagnetic minerals. The ferromagnetic mineral grains comprised a mixture of superparamagnetic and larger particles. Magnetite and titano-magnetite were identified as the primary magnetic carriers in all samples, while hematite was notably absent. The irreversibility observed in the magnetic temperature curves suggests insufficient heating and phase transformation of minerals during thermal processing, posing challenges to the accurate determination of archaeomagnetic properties. Nonetheless, there is a strong concordance between the obtained results and the reference curve of archaeomagnetic inclination variations for the investigated time span. This alignment is further supported by data from neighboring sites within the same temporal and spatial context. Despite certain limitations and uncertainties, the reference curve remains a viable tool for age determination of thermally altered samples and artifacts within the specified chronological framework and a spatial radius of approximately 1000 km around the examined two sites.  Archaeomagnetic Dating Titano-magnetite Kul Tepe Dava Göz Late Prehistory NW Iran 2024 12 01 1 29 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-370-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.370

24-444 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Mahdi Alirezazadeh alirezazadeh.mahdi@gmail.com Hamed Vahdati Nasab hamedvahdati@yahoo.com Quantitative variables can be used to describe human-modified skulls, similar to many archaeological findings. Eleven modified and normal skulls from the 5th Millennium BCE were found during excavations at Chega Sofla, and 60 normal skulls from contemporary Khuzestan residents were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis. Six indices were used to describe each skull based on ten quantitative variables. The indices were selected to be sensitive to flattening of the frontal, occipital, and parietal bones, as well as changes in the maximum length, breadth, and height of the cranium. The accuracy and efficiency of this method in classifying and distinguishing modified skulls from normal skulls were evaluated. An increase in the sample size, including ancient and modern normal skulls from Khuzestan, was considered. The success of the explanatory variables in describing response variables was also assessed. The modified skulls from Chega Sofla were separated from ancient and modern normal skulls using this method, and based on the selected variables, they formed a distinctive category. A slight deformation was observed in the BG1.02 specimen, where only the squamous part of the occipital bone was flattened. The different morphologies of the modified BG6.01 skull compared to those of the other modified skulls were also discernible. These findings suggest that the explanatory variables effectively describe the skulls. With an increase in the sample size from 29 skulls to 71 skulls, the results were replicated, confirming the appropriate selection of explanatory variables and highlighting the robustness of the present method against variations in sample size. Moreover, the proposed classification is independent of researcher-dependent biases. Finally, it should be noted that this dimension's data matrix can be analyzed in an R project environment within a few seconds. Modified skulls Cluster analysis Chega Sofla Craniometry Skull classification Quantitative variables 2024 12 01 31 43 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-444-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.444

24-438 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Saeed Safari saeedsafari@ut.ac.ir Majid Montazer Zohouri majidzohouri@ut.ac.ir Mohammad Ghorbani ghorbani@sharif.edu Various aspects of coins, including their material, purity, weight, and minting processes, reflect societies’ economic, political, and social conditions throughout history, and it has been a continuous reality from antiquity to the present. In the contemporary era, particularly during the second Pahlavi period (1943–1979), nine different coins with various nominal values were minted in different forms and types. Among these, the 50-dinar coin stood out as one of the few minted almost continuously throughout this period. Therefore, investigating the material, weight, and minting mechanisms of different types of 50-dinar coins provides valuable insights into the country’s conditions during the second Pahlavi era. The research revealed that the first type of 50-dinar coins, minted in 1943 from copper, was soon replaced due to poor corrosion resistance by a second type known as bronze coins. However, elemental analysis indicated that the alloy used in these coins was brass. The minting of these so-called bronze coins continued in two different weights until the mid-1970s. Eventually, rising inflation caused the metal's value to exceed the coin’s nominal value, leading to a change in a coining production mechanism from normal rolling to roll bonding (sandwich rolling), which enabled the minting of coins with a low-value metal core (iron) and a surface composed of corrosion-resistant alloys (copper alloys) Economy Coin Archaeometry Second Pahlavi Era Roll Bonding Brass 2024 12 01 45 66 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-438-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.438

24-419 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Yadollah Heidari Babakamal yadolah.heydari@gmail.com Yaser Hamzavi yaserhamzavi99@gmail.com Moloudsadat Azimi fsm2200@yahoo.com Archaeological excavations in the historical context of cities are always one of the most important challenges in the field of cultural heritage studies. The current buildings of Qasr e Shirin show its glory and its important position in the urban divisions of the Sassanid period, it seems that most of the remains of the buildings of the Islamic period are concentrated under the urban context and around the Safavid caravanserai. The constructions of the last few decades have led to the appearance of scattered remains of architecture under the current context, especially in the area known as Saheli Street and Shohada Street in the southern part of the city. In this direction and during the second season of extensive exploration of the historical context in 2022, the writers tried to identify the use and chronology of the uncovered architectural remains. Based on this, the main goal of the upcoming research is to determine the chronology of the historical architectural remains found in Qasr e Shirin with the help of archaeological analysis along with the use of thermoluminescence dating. Among the four excavation trenches, two brick samples from trenches I and III were selected and sent to the conservation and restoration research institute for the purpose of dating. The results of the research indicate that the exposed architectural remains belong to the 8th-9th centuries AH (Ilkhanid and Timurid periods); However, due to the incomplete and broken brick materials of the strong wall of Trench III and the rush to build it, it seems that older brick materials were used in the construction of the long and newer wall of the trench. For this purpose, the wall of Trench III was probably built or reused in the Qajar period; but its materials belong to the 8th-9th centuries AH. Chronology Thermoluminescence method Qasr e Shirin Ilkhanid period Timurid period 2024 12 01 67 84 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-419-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.419

24-448 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Hani Zarei hzarei@jsu.ac.ir Shahriar Nasekhian s.nasekhian@aui.ac.ir Mohammad Hassan Talebian mh.talebian@ut.ac.ir The earliest recorded examples of barrel vault construction in Iran, particularly in the Khuzestan province, belong to the Elamite period. Understanding the geometric characteristics of these vaults can contribute to both the comprehension of construction techniques and the conservation of these historical structures while maintaining their original architectural authenticity. This study aims to identify the geometrical and technological factors affecting the arrangement methods influenced by the bonding relationships of elements, the span, and the rise of the vaults, with the goal of reconstructing collapsed sections of these historical barrel vaults. The primary research question is: What are the construction characteristics of Elamite brick-barrel vaults in Khuzestan that are influenced by the bonding of elements and the relationship between span and rise? This research adopts a historical-interpretive methodology, utilizing both library research and field studies. Fifteen barrel-vaulted tombs with square-shaped materials (three from early Elamite, seven from Middle Elamite, one from Neo-Elamite, and four from Elymaean periods) and six tombs with trapezoidal materials were selected based on archaeological reports and field surveys. The findings indicate that the construction techniques included the use of Persian, Roman, and hybrid bonding methods, the employment of pointed arches, a logical relationship between the type of material geometry and vault span, a consistent pattern between span and rise ratios in Elamite and Elymaean periods, and a uniform vault thickness to enhance resistance. This study highlights that the geometry, thickness, span-to-rise ratio, and brick arrangement significantly impact the stability and durability of barrel vaults, providing valuable insights for reconstructing collapsed vaults from this historical period. Barrel vault construction techniques vaulted tombs Elamite and Elymaean periods Khuzestan province 2024 12 01 85 110 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-448-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.448

24-399 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Hassan Nami hasan_nami20@yahoo.com Parasto MasjediKhak parastomasjedi@yahoo.com Banafsheh Zafarani hasannami@neyshabur.ac.ir Mohammadsadegh Davari m.sadeghdavari@yahoo.com Daregaz county, located in the northeastern part of Khorasan Razavi province and adjacent to Turkmenistan, holds significant historical importance, especially during the early decades of the Parthian Empire, due to its proximity to Turkmenistan and Nisa, one of the first areas of Parthian expansion and influence. In 2016, two excavation seasons were conducted at this site, yielding artifacts such as pottery and decorated bricks. Analysis and comparison of pottery data from Shahre Tapeh with those from Nisa indicate significant similarities, emphasizing the importance and necessity of sourcing Shahre Tapeh's pottery. In this research, the petrographic study of 18 samples, including plain, glazed, deformed pottery, and decorated bricks, was conducted to determine their origins. The results showed that most of the pottery from Shahre Tapeh was locally made, while some glazed pottery likely originated from other locations, indicating cultural and trade connections with contemporary sites. These findings underscore the significance of Shahre Tapeh as one of the first major cities of the early Parthian period in the Khorasan region. Shahr Tapeh Daregaz Parthian period Sourcing Petrography Siliceous materials 2024 12 01 111 130 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-399-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.399

24-406 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Reza Ahmadi Moghaddam reza_ahmadimoghaddam@yahoo.com Farzad Mafi mafifarzad@gmail.com Despite the increased number of archaeological excavations and surveys carried out in Tarom e Olya county over the past two decades, further archaeological research and studies are needed in this area due to its unique geographical location as a connecting point between the central, western, and northern regions of Iran. This study, based on data from an archaeological survey, library research, and GIS mapping, focuses on analyzing the settlement patterns of 14 sites and monuments dating back to the Parthian and Sasanian periods in the southern Qezel-Uzan river basin within the Chavarzaq district of Tarom e Olya county, including the Chavarzaq and Dastjerdeh villages. The main challenge in the study area is the lack of comprehensive information and a knowledge gap regarding historical period settlements in this basin. The research aims to investigate the distribution patterns of Parthian and Sasanian era sites and monuments in the Chavarzaq district of Upper Tarom. The study seeks to address questions related to the impact of environmental and geographical factors on site formation, residents' livelihood patterns, and the comparison of pottery from the study area with neighboring regions during the historical period (Parthian-Sassanian). The findings indicate that site distribution in the area was influenced by factors such as altitude, access to water sources, land slope, roads, and land use type. Despite the region's climatic diversity, sites were predominantly located at lower altitudes and gentle slopes along the Qezel-Ozen River and other rivers, suitable for agricultural and horticultural activities. The topographic features of the region, which restrict passage to valleys between highlands along river courses, suggest that ancient roads likely followed or closely paralleled today's communication routes. Settlement pattern Tarom-e-Olya Dastjerdeh Chavarzaq Qezel-Uzan Parthian Sassanid 2024 12 01 131 161 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-406-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.406

24-421 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Hamid Fadaei hfadaii@yahoo.com Sayed Mohamadamin Emami emami@chemie.uni-siegen.de Ayoub Karimi Jashni ajashni@yahoo.ca Amir Ismailzadeh amirismailzadeh1887@gmail.com Naqsh-e Rostam is the name of a stone heritage site with memories from the Elamite, Achaemenid and Sasanian periods, which is located in the south of Iran, in the north of Marvdasht city, five kilometers from the Persepolis world heritage site. Proximity of polluting sources to this site, especially: Shiraz Petrochemical company (located in the city of Marvdasht and 17 km southwest of Naqsh-e Rostam), busy roads, extensive agriculture in the region and the use of a large amount of chemical fertilizers and herbicides, as well as the burning of plant residues on agricultural lands after harvesting crops, has caused many concerns for the possible erosion of the stone reliefs of the site. Therefore, one of the most important goals of this research is to identify and measure the amount of mentioned pollutants in Naqsh-e Rostam site with laboratory studies. Smpling of the air in the region and headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) were done using synthetic fibers and gas samplers. Also, gas chromatograph connected to mass spectrometer and ion chromatograph were used for analysis. The results show that the diversity and concentration of pollutant species in Naqsh-e Rostam is very high and the most important source is related to the petrochemical company. The historical and natural capacities of Naqsh-e Rostam site and other historical sites of the region require that in the long term, the pattern of sustainable development of the region should be changed from industries with high volume of environmental pollutants to tourism. Air pollutants Naqsh-e Rostam historical site Erosion Shiraz petrochemical company Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Ion Chromatography (IC) Marvdasht 2024 12 01 163 186 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-421-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.421

24-398 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Hamed Younesi hamedyoun@yahoo.com Samad Samanian samanian@art.ac.ir Houman Asadi asadih@ut.ac.ir Considering variety of values and communication aspects of musical instrument, a major difference between them and other cultural and historical objects is expected. Despite the commonalities that exist in the discussions of technology and pathology in the field of conservation and restoration of instruments with other cultural-historical objects, Due to the connection of these works with the production of musical sound, awareness of the acoustic properties of materials in order to create sound output should also be considered. The mechanical changes of each part of the instrument during playing cause the production and release of physical vibrations as the tangible aspect of the sound output, and further, the intangible aspect of the sound output evolves by being influenced by the aesthetic conditions of the music in the mind of the musician and the audience. The purpose of this research is the role of laboratory methods in studying the structure and acoustic behavior of the components of historical stringed instruments, in order to better understand the sound output of these works. Now, it should be noted that to what extent these results can be considered generalizable in order to know the concrete aspect of sound output? For this purpose, taking into account the concepts related to sound output in musical instruments, experimental and laboratory methods are introduced and investigated. Sources in the field of technology and laboratory studies of musical instruments have been collected and then analyzed and interpreted in a qualitative manner. It should be considered that knowledge of the structure of materials used in instruments and studying the acoustical behavior of each of them in the direction of sound output, while recognizing and understanding the conditions and variables in the field of conservation and restoration, will strengthen the data in the field of archaeometrical investigations. Historical musical instruments Conservation and restoration Musical acoustics Laboratory methods Sound output 2024 12 01 187 205 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-398-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.398

24-417 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Sara Benmaran saarabenmaaran@gmail.com Javad Hosseinzadeh Sadati javadhoseinzadeh@kashanu.ac.ir Mohammad Torkiha Isfahani torkiha@kashanu.ac.ir One of the most important characteristics of Iran's Iron Age is the existence of cemeteries without a connection with the settlement. The reason for not finding settlements near most of these cemeteries can be explained in connection with the nomadic nature of the Iron Age societies or the existence of temporary settlements whose traces have not been discovered so far. The important feature of these cemeteries is the abundance of burial pottery that is not known how and where they were made. Pottery from relatively close cemeteries are very similar. Since the time of Ghirshman, important questions have been raised in this regard; Were very similar pottery produced in a specific workshop and then distributed among the communities, or did each community produce its own pottery, considering that no pottery production sites and kilns have been found in its vicinity? In this research, to answer the questions mentioned above, a total of 22 random samples of Iron Age pottery from the three cemeteries of Estark-Joshaghan and Sialk in Kashan and Sarm in Qom were subjected to PIXE elemental analysis, and the resulting data were analyzed by PCA statistical method. According to the results, no correlation was observed between the pottery. Further, despite the overlap in some of the main elements, the amount of magnesium oxide was significantly different in the ceramics of all three areas. This archaeometric analysis shows that the Iron Age pottery samples of Estark-Joshaghan, Sialk, and Sarm cemeteries were made from separate soil sources. However, the ceramics of the sites are very similar in form, which most likely indicates the existence of cultural relations, demographic displacement, or stylistic imitation, not due to concentrated production in one or more limited places and their distribution through trade. Therefore, the results support the nomadic or semi-sedentary hypothesis of Iron Age societies in the cultural region of North Central Iran Iron Age I-II pottery Estark-Joshaghan Sarm Sialk cemeteries PIXE analysis 2024 12 01 207 224 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-417-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.417

24-408 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Mohadeseh Hosseini Someah m.h.somea@gmail.com Mehrnaz Azadi Boyaghchi m.azadi@aui.ac.ir Kambiz Pourtahmasi pourtahmasi@ut.ac.ir Maryam Afsharpour afsharpour@ccerci.ac.ir Samad Nejad Ebrahimi ebrahimikhan@gmail.com The first historical papers in their most primitive form provide valuable information from their manufacturing technology and are still being researched. This research aims to investigate the structural and appearance characteristics of the papers of two early manuscripts belonging to the 5th century AH. For this purpose, library studies provided descriptive information about historical papers, and the existence of organic and mineral substances was determined through optical and polarizing microscopic, microchemical and SEM_EDX tests. The visual and appearance characteristics of the papers were checked using colorimeters and light sheets. The results show that the fibers of flax and hemp plants are the basic fibers and their accompanying cells are the side fibers of the material in the papers of this manuscript. The presence of accompanying plant cells such as vessels and parenchyma in these papers confirms the use of the plant itself in preparing the papers of these manuscripts. Minerals in SEM images and in matching with EDX data show the presence of calcium carbonate (lime) and possibly white soil or alkaline Shokhar substance, which have a different structure from the shape of plant star crystals of hemp calcium oxalate. The absence of chain lines, the presence of deviated parallel lines with a large distance from each other, and the non-uniform distribution of pulp in the papers of both manuscripts indicate the first paper-making molds. The thickness of the papers in the cross-section is relatively high and the surface coating of both papers is made of wheat and rice starch. The paper of manuscript 5922 is darker than the self-colored paper of 345 manuscript. Also, this manuscript has iron stains and benefits from a lower amount of rice starch at the surface of own papers.  Historical paper Mold papermaking paper structure paper appearance Paper fibers Mineral filles 2024 12 01 225 242 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-408-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.408

24-461 2026-08-17 10.1002

Journal of Research on Archaeometry JRA 2476-4647 2476-4639 10.66224/jra 2024 10 2 Fatemeh Alimirzaei ealimirzaei@yahoo.com The edited volume Ethical Approaches to Human Remains: A Global Challenge in Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology (Springer, 2019), compiled by Kirsty Squires, David Errickson, and Nicholas Márquez-Grant, presents a multidisciplinary examination of the ethical, legal, and cultural complexities surrounding human remains in bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and museum curation. Adopting an international and interdisciplinary lens, the book addresses postmortem human dignity, Indigenous rights concerning ancestral remains, ethical dilemmas in genetic sampling, public display controversies, and the management of remains from mass disasters and war crimes. Structured into three sections, the work first explores philosophical foundations (e.g., moral personhood of the dead and human rights frameworks). The second section analyzes practical challenges in excavation, preservation, and exhibition, while the third offers global case studies (North America, New Zealand, Spain, and the Middle East) to contextualize Indigenous ethical perspectives. Strengths include its theory-practice balance, cross-cultural dialogue emphasis, and policy recommendations. However, limited coverage of regions like the Middle East and emerging issues such as digital repatriation are noted gaps. This volume serves as an essential resource for archaeologists, forensic specialists, curators, and heritage policymakers, particularly in contexts like Iran where formal ethical protocols are underdeveloped. Human remains Archaeological Ethics Bioarchaeology Forensic anthropology Cultural heritage management International challenges 2024 12 01 243 252 http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf 10.61882/jra.10.2.461