1 2476-4647 Tabriz Islamic Art University 262 Archaeometry Detection of the Material and Processing Technology of the Discovered Bowl in Chalade’em Shal Cemetrery of Khalkhal-Ardabil, NW Iran Samadi Ahad b Habibi Azarivash Farzad c Nouri Somayeh d Mottaghi Neshat e Eyni Fardin f b Department of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran c Department of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran d Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran e Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran f Department of Archaeology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 1 16 30 05 2021 22 10 2021 During an archeological excavation project from two discovered cemeteries in Shal village-Khalkhal of Ardabil province in Iran in March 2019 many metallic objects such as warfare were found. Owing to the similarities between these discovered and the Mannaeans’ objects, it seems that they could be suggested for this period. One of these discovered objects is a unique narrow-waist bowl whose material and processing technique detection is important for archeologists to understand the native knowledge, technology, art and culture of that region in ancient times. Regarding this, the microstructure and chemical composition of this object was evaluated using optical as well as scanning electron microscopes (SEM) equipped with an X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS). The results show that the mentioned bowl is a silver-base alloy containing about 2.5 weight percent copper with a double phase microstructure including silver matrix grains and dispersed fine copper particles. The metallographic cross-section of this bowl also shows two distinguishable microstructures of ambient temperature graving induced sever flow/plastic deformation in surfaces and low energy incomplete recrystallized matrix grains and twining lines in central regions which have been dynamically formed during production of the bowl via warm hammering. Also some evidence of galvanic sulfide/sulfate localized corrosion is observed in the under layer of the surfaces just at the interface of the low energetic central region and high energetic surface layer. In addition, observation of the silver chloride and silver sulfide or sulfate/oxide compounds respectively in central regions and surfaces of the metallographic section indicate internal chlorine corrosion and sulfide/sulfate corrosion/oxidation in surface layers of the beaker. However, affirming about the commencing of the studied beaker needs further precise techniques for quantitative chemical analysis which are postponed for future investigations.
274 Archaeometry Identification and Comparison between Non-Woody Plant Fibers (Flax, Hemp, Kenaf And Cotton) with Manuscript Paper Fibers of The 5th, 7th to 12th Centuries AH, Belonging to the Malek National Library and Museum Hosseini Someah Mohaddeseh g Azadi Boyaghchi Mehrnaz h Pourtahmasi Kambiz i Afsharpour Maryam j Nejad Ebrahimi Samad k g Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran h Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran i Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran j Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran k Phytochemistry Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 17 35 16 08 2021 21 12 2021 The raw and building material in historical papers are plant fibers that are into the category of non-woody or dicotyledonous plants. There are few sources that have mentioned these plants in Iran in different historical periods or even mentioned them in paper making. This research aims to find the types of historical paper fibers in the manuscripts available in the Malek National Library and Museum, which belong to the 5th, 7th to 12th centuries AH. Identify and adapt their structure to the fibers of current non-woody plants, which are most frequently referenced in library historical sources. To achieve this goal, laboratory methods based on microscopic examinations and Microchemical reagents (standard 9718 for paper fibers and Franklin method for plant fibers) were used. The results show that the main primary and structural compounds used in the study papers are the bast fibers of flax and hemp fibers, which have been used separately or in combination with cotton fibers. Because paper-making processes affect the morphology of the fibers, the presence of associated cells such as parenchyma, calcium oxalate crystals, etc. in the pulp of historical paper plays an important role in the correct identification of paper fibers. Although the presence of kenaf fibers in papermaking has been mentioned in some historical sources, it was not observed in the study samples in this research. 304 Conservation Science A New Method for Measuring Permeability and the Insulation Property of Earthen Materials Against Moisture and Rainfall in Archaeological Sites and Monuments Bater Masoud l Ahmadi Hossein m Abedi Koupai ‎ Jahangir n l Department of Conservation and Restoration of Historical Artifacts, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran m Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran n Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran‎ 1 12 2021 7 2 37 56 24 10 2021 24 12 2021 Today, accurate and scientific study of archaeological findings and historical and cultural property in many studies, especially in archeometry and restoration, relies on the use of experimental methods. The ability to replicate and generalize the results of applying practical methods using laboratory methods on the statistical population makes researchers more confident in analyzing the results of objective experiments to achieve reality. However, access to scientific and standard laboratory methods is one of the essential requirements of experimental techniqes that can be employed to accurately measure and evaluate the various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of historical and cultural samples. The purpose of this study is to find a standard test that can use to measure the permeability and insulation properties of materials used in historical buildings against moisture. To achieve this goal, for the first time, falling head method was used to measure the permeability and insulation of traditional and ancient Kahgel plaster against moisture in historical buildings and architectural heritage. The samples of Kahgel plaster improved with different additives were compared to the typical Kahgel plaster samples as a control sample. Results of the study showed that using the laboratory method, reconstructed the conditions and behavior of water during adsorption and penetration into historical samples materials and represent their actual performance against moisture and rainfall. Therefore, it is possible to measure their permeability and insulating properties of earthen materials against water ‎quantitatively‏ ‏in saturated conditions with this method. 280 Archaeometry Topographic Surveys in the Archaeological Site of Dehno Mohammadkhani Kourosh o Nazif Samaneh p o Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran p Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 57 71 19 09 2021 21 12 2021 Topographic surveys are one of the non-destructive methods that provide valuable and significant assistance to archaeologists in field works. In topographic surveys, an archaeological surveyor deals with all the depressions and ridges in the site and how they relate to humans. Remains of walls and architectural structures, the remains of ancient graves and furnaces, the outcrop of the large slate rock in ancient hills, remnants of canals built in the past and contemporary of the site, enclosures with aggregation of pottery and stone fragments, and in general, the lowest slopes and the smallest phenomena are other highlights, and all of them are mapped by using GPS. On the other hand, many scholars believe that the Pasargadae built in the time of Cyrus the Great and his successors, is beyond the area known to us today. If we look at the Achaemenid Pasargadae as a puzzle, we undoubtedly need to conduct archaeological research in the villages and surrounding areas to put all the pieces of this puzzle together. One of these sites is an ancient hill located in the easternmost part of Dehno village. In 2017, the team of topographic surveys of the Joint Mission of Archaeological Surveys of Irano- French; Under the supervision of Kourosh Mohammadkhani and Sebastian Gondet, conducted field works on this site. The results indicate the settlement on the ancient hill in the Islamic period. 275 Conservation Science Architectural and Structural Analysis of Special Karbandis of Tabriz Historical Bazaar Ainechi Sharzad Valibeig Nima Faculty of Conservation & Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 73 89 24 08 2021 21 12 2021 Iranian architectures have always tried to hide unbeautiful structural elements behind ceiling (covering) elements. Such a complexity and ambiguity makes understanding of karbandies more difficult. The karbandies of Tabriz Bazaar timches’ roofs are different from karbandies of other places, structurally. Hence, they are called specific. In other words, main ribs used in the timches do not follow the simple geometry of Karbandi, which can be seen under the roof. Moreover, there are various karbandies, which have the same theoretical geometry, but they find different forms in implementation. Identifying and analyzing Tabriz bazaar specific karbandies, enables us to find out their form structure and implementation manner. Considering lack of professional writings in the field of specific karbandies, contradiction of most of such writings about structural function of ribs in this structure and lack of identified definition, make it necessary to do research about them. In this research, relying on the library resources, field studies and interpretation and analysis of the findings, a study was conducted on the geometry and construction technology of specific karbandis of Tabriz Historical Bazaar covers and their latent concept were scrutinized. Hence, investigating the limited documents obtained from the conducted restorations and implementation stages of specific karbandies, the geometry of these hidden ribs at roof top were compared to its internal space.  Nowadays many Tabriz bazaar vaults collapse and are in an irregular situation that has brought the marketers at serious risk. This erosion situation has been growing and the unconscious disregard for the restoration of karbandis, regardless of their initial structure. By recognizing and analyzing the special karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, we can understand the form and geometry of the form and its implementation. In this paper, based on library resources, field studies, and the analysis and interpretation of the findings, a study on the geometry and technology of constructing special karbandis for the cover of the historical bazaar of Tabriz has been completed and the implied concepts have been refereed. For this purpose, by examining the small documentation of the repairs and the implementation steps of the special applications, the geometry of the hidden ribs of this type of karbandis was compared from the roof and its image from inside the space. Findings of the study indicated that to analyze Tabriz bazaar specific karbandies, it is necessary to consider their form and structural features, application and building role, ribs materials and their structural role. 286 Archaeometry Elemental Composition and Statistical Analysis of Obsidians from Tole Khari in Pasargad Complex Using Micro-PIXE Technique Agha-Aligol Davoud Farshi Jalali Fatemeh Sardari Alireza Moradi Mahmoud Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Physics and Accelerators Research School, Van de Graaff Laboratory, Tehran, Iran Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Physics and Accelerators Research School, Van de Graaff Laboratory, Tehran, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 91 110 24 08 2021 21 12 2021 Researchers and archeologists have always been interested in the elemental analysis of obsidian artifacts. Measurement of the elemental composition of obsidians provides a lot of information about trade and exchange between different regions and cultures in early societies. This paper reports and discusses elemental composition results obtained from analysis of 17 obsidian artifacts excavated in two seasons in 2018 and 2019 from the Tole Khari prehistoric site in the Pasargad complex in the Fars Province of Iran. Elemental analysis of these obsidians performed by micro-PIXE technique in Van de Graaff Laboratory in the Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) in Tehran, Iran. In this research, to study the provenance of obsidians obtained from Tal Khari, we combined and compared our results with elemental composition results reported from known sources of obsidian in Anatolia and Armenia. The results show that the obsidians from Tole Khari Tolclassified into two different groups based on elemental composition, in particular according to the concentration of Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2, and Al2O3. By comparing the obsidians of Tole Khari with obsidians from various sites in Anatolia and Armenia, it was found that the first group of obsidians from Tole Khari overlaps with obsidians from Bingol A in Anatolia, and the second group of these obsidians fits into obsidians from Nenezi Dag, Pasinler and Meydan Dag in central and eastern Anatolia. Therefore, it is probable and possible that the obsidians excavated in Tole Khari have supplied from known obsidian sources in Anatolia using a very long range of trade and exchange network, which was about 1000 to 1900 km. 291 Conservation Science Technical Study of Chemical Compounds in the Glaze of The Mosaic Tiles in the Green Dome of Kerman (Qobeh Sabz) Rahimimehr Vahideh Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Architecture & Urbanism, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 111 134 22 10 2021 22 12 2021 Identifying the materials used in the construction and decoration of the building is of great importance to complete the discussion of a historical monument and its restoration. One of the buildings that need to be studied in this field as a prominent and valuable building is the green dome of Kerman (Qobeh Sabz) that has not been technically studied on its mosaic tiles. The colors of the tiles of this building are black, azure, white, and turquoise, yellow and green. This research has been carried out in the field of applied research to better understand the architecture of the past and the techniques of making architectural decorations. In order to achieve the goal, the method of scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray energy separation analysis has been used to identify glaze elements and body petrography in the studied samples. The results show that the black color of the glaze is due to the presence of substances such as manganese in the glaze. The turquoise glaze color is obtained by combining copper compounds in the rich glaze in alkaline elements such as potassium. Also, lead antimony, iron oxide and cadmium cause yellow glaze and tin in white glaze causes white color. The azure color is also caused by cobalt oxide, and the green color of the glaze is due to the presence of copper and iron. Petrographic analysis, XRD and XRF analysis for qualitative identification of minerals, existing phases, and elemental analysis of 4 samples of the tile body, shows that quartz has been used as a filler and there are calcareous soils in the bodies. Petrographic and XRD results on tile biscuits indicate oxidation baking environment and baking temperature less than 800 degrees for three samples BL, B-2, and B-4 and temperature above 850 for sample G-4. 285 Conservation Science Introducing the Non-Destructive Method of Photogrammetry in the Study and Servey of Historical Monuments Rahimi Jafari Farzaneh Habibi Fatemeh Moazen Sajad Department of Building Conservation, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Department of Building Conservation, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Department of Building Conservation, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 135 158 19 09 2021 21 12 2021 Cultural heritage is an invaluable asset to human beings that reflects their achievements over the centuries. The need to identify and protect cultural heritage is well understood, and experts strive to use every means possible to achieve this goal. Preservation and restoration of cultural heritage include conservation of historic buildings using all new technologies that are as effective as possible in maintaining the original condition. They are often associated with geometric surveying, surveillance, and heritage documentation. This article introduces the science of photogrammetry, types, tools, and techniques by reviewing and analyzing 20 reputable publications articles in the last five years. This article demonstrates the efficiency of this technology in the conservation, restoration, and documentation of cultural heritage by introducing some comparative examples in the present era. Documenting monuments is the first step to any intervention and planning. Architectural heritage photogrammetry is a helpful and standard process for obtaining accurate 3D data for documentation and virtualizing historical monuments. It is also one of the most recommended non-invasive methods, consisting of techniques for interpreting, measuring, and modeling objects by the basis of images obtained from them. According to studies, the science of photogrammetry is one of the most widely used, cheapest, and most available non-destructive technologies in restoration science and with the advancement of science, newer and more efficient tools and methods in this field are presented. 290 Conservation Science A Review of Biodeterioration in Iranian Historical Monuments with Emphasis on Porous Architectural Materials Zabihi Mehdi Sohrabi Mohammad Talebian Mohammad Hassan Nortaghani Abdolmajid Iranian Research Organization for Scientific and Technology, The Museum of Iranian Lichens, Tehran, Iran Iranian Research Organization for Scientific and Technology, The Museum of Iranian Lichens, Tehran, Iran Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 159 182 21 09 2021 21 12 2021 Iran is known as one of the top 10 countries in this field with its various historical-artistic works made of stone and brick. It is the historical monuments that determine the antiquity, history, and civilization of each land. Physical, chemical, and biological factors in co-operation, from coexistence to antagonism, cause biodeterioration. The biodeterioration of historical monuments and art in countries with ancient history and having historical buildings has been considered by many scientists. Any adverse change in the properties of materials that occurs through the vital activities of living organisms is called biodeterioration. Living organisms that can cause biodeterioration are known as biodeteriogens. These factors cause biodeterioration by forming biofilms on surfaces. Substances that are altered and degraded by the activities of organisms are divided into two categories: organic and inorganic. The development of specific biological species in specific structural materials is determined by the nature and properties of the materials (mineral composition, pH, relative percentage of different minerals, salinity, moisture, and texture). It also depends on specific environmental factors (e.g. temperature, relative humidity - RH, light conditions, oxygen, nitrogen, level of atmospheric pollution, wind, and rainfall). In this article, the biodeterioration factors of historical-artistic works made of porous materials in Iran have been studied to evaluate the factors affecting the activity of organisms and their reproduction on historical-artistic works and to understand the mechanisms related to biodeterioration and design appropriate solutions for use protection and repair. 272 Archaeometry Radiocarbon Calibration and Stratigraphic Analysis in Archeology: Using the OxCal Program Yazdani Sahar Eskandari Nasir Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Iran Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 183 195 14 08 2021 21 12 2021 In today's archaeological studies, the use of absolute chronology by radiocarbon or carbon 14 dating is common and can even reduce errors due to incorrect stratigraphy and disturbed layers. The measurement accuracy of this method is very high with proper sampling, and with the advancement of science and technology, software programs were created to perform specialized and lengthy calculations to convert and calibrated the results. One of these programs is OxCal, which seems to be useful for researchers both online and offline. In this article, in addition to a brief explanation of how to perform this sorting, we will teach you how to use this program for single data, phases, subphases (adjacent phases) and overlapping phases in a very simple way without need for coding. The basis of archaeological studies is to know and understand the sequence of events and activities that are obtained from the archaeological findings. There are numerous dating methods in modern archeology around the world that are constantly being updated. One of the most common and popular chronological methods is radiocarbon dating analysis, which is better known as carbon 14 dating. 314 Archaeometry Investigation of Two-Dimensional Geometric Patterns of Knot Arangements and other Cryptographic Methods on the Surfaces of Ancient Tiles (Kashis) and its Adaptation to Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids Alavi Mehdi Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 197 208 11 11 2021 21 12 2021 The art and techniques of colorful tiling in domes, inscriptions, minarets of mosques, buildings and historical monuments from antiquity, is a valuable and important document about the decorations of ancient Iranian architecture [1].Ancient mathematicians, designers, and practitioners used the geometric methods of knot arrangement, Yazdi-bandi, Muqarnas,(Ahu pai) and other methods, with the help of geometric arrangement of squares, diagonals, rhombuses, and techniques such as "square-to-circle correlation" with the term "mandala. The identification and production of the primary units of geometrical "motifs" began centuries ago and includes geometric units in two dimensions. These motifs have been developed in different historical periods by geometers and designers. It is clear that mathematical-geometric laws have remained fixed in motifs throughout the past. This means that the laws of symmetry have a main origin, in a way that they have been fixed in different historical periods. On the other hand, alignment, balance and symmetry are necessary for each other. Geometry has been used since ancient times to measure the surfaces of buildings and agricultural lands. Points, line segments, angles, circles, squares and triangles have been used in the production of two-dimensional patterns in the order of regular patterns. 312 Archaeometry Book Review: Archaeology of Central Asia Hoseinzadeh Sadati Javad Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran 1 12 2021 7 2 209 217 16 12 2021 22 12 2021 The book "Archeology of Central Asia" written by Dr. Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajjadi, in 2016, with 912 pages of text, photos, plans and maps, has been published in two volumes by Samat Organization. The book is published on right time and will definitely be a useful book for the Iranian archeologists and other researchers who are interested in the history and culture of Iran in the Central Asian region. The book is highly edited in terms of writing and editing principles, and the staff, from the author to the editors, have worked hard. Although the book, structurally, after introducing the region and the history of research, has gone through a period from Paleolithic to Iron Age, but with the study of the book, a kind of confusion and structural incoherence can be seen in most parts. In terms of content, the book, although covering almost all prehistoric topics in the Central Asian region; However, some of the periods and chapters of the book are thinner and some of the topics, especially the topics inside the bronze, are very fat and voluminous. The main point of the book is that more than half of the book's writing is taken from a single source, the book "Central Asian Archeology: From the Paleolithic to the Iron Age" by the American archaeologist Philip Cole. Although the author has referred to it almost in all the cases in which he has used this book, it is clear to everyone that such a large and sudden use of a source is not a common practice and academic profession, and the situation is different. Is. The author of this article suggests that at least on the cover of the book, the title "translation and compilation" be given so that the nature of the book is more consistent with its title.