Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Introduction, Classification and Compositional Structure of the Luster (zarrin-fām) Tiles from Qaleh Dokhtar Kerman 1 23 FA Saeed Amirhajloo Tarbiat Modares University s.amirhajloo@modares.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-7484-1991 Seyed Mohammadamin Emami Art University of Isfahan aminemami.ae@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7484-1991 Davoud Agha-Aligol Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute d_aligol@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-2027-2674 Reza Riahiyan Gohorti Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch riahiyan.r@gmail.com N 10.52547/jra.6.2.1 Over a hundred pieces of luster tiles were excavated in Qal’eh Dokhtar, Kerman. This article discusses the characteristic features of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar, and the origins and sources of raw materials of these tiles. The tiles were classified in four groups: “octagonal star tiles”, “crucifix tiles”, “square tiles” and “rectangle tiles”. Then, the relative dating was done based on an inscription on a tile that reads: in 661 AH/1263 CE. The inscriptions of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar also showed that they include poems. Eleven tiles have been chosen for chemical and microscopic analysis by Micro-PIXE, and SEM-EDX. The results indicated that there are different elements in the luster and paste of the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar and other regions of Iran. Magnesium is the element of which was detected only in the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar at high weight percentages and likely its mines exist in Ashin Valley around Jiroft.   Characterization, Chemical-Mineralogical Analysis, Luster Tiles, Pottery of Islamic Period, Qal’eh Dokhtar http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-221-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Structural Study of the Pastiglia and Gilding Decoration at the Vank Cathedral and Bethlehem Church in Isfahan 25 39 FA Tina Tinati Tabriz Islamic Art University tinaaatinati@gmail.com N 0000-0002-9637-7499 Yaser Hamzavi Tabriz Islamic Art University y.hamzavi@tabriziau.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-3504-0534 Parviz Holakooei Isfahan Art University parvizholakooei@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7613-6081 Maria Perla Colombini University of Pisa maria.perla.colombini@unipi.it N 0000-0002-1666-8596 10.52547/jra.6.2.25 The pastiglia technique has been widely used as the preparation layer for gilding decoration in Iran during the Safavid period. Generally, the purpose of pastiglia is to create a prominent surface for the gilding array. The main research issue is the lack of technical and structural knowledge of the layered arrays of the two churches under study. Lack of sufficient research and resources on the technical and structural knowledge of Pastiglia and gilding decorations in the Armenian churches of Julfa, and also the existence of technical ambiguities and lack of clarity on the origin of art of Isfahan Armenians, such as architectural decorations and especially Pastiglia art, are the necessities of doing this research. The present study provides a technological overview towards the pastiglia employed in the gilding decoration at the Bethlehem Church and Vank Cathedral, as two important Armenian monuments from the Safavid era at New Julfa in Isfahan, using pyrolysis–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). GC/MS and Py-GC-MS used for the characterization of organic materials of samples and XRD and SEM-EDX used for the characterization of inorganic materials of samples. The analytical data show that animal glue was used as a binding medium of pastiglia while linseed oil was probably employed as the mordant agent in the gilding decorations; Furthermore, linseed oil was used as a varnish layer on the gilding decorations of Vank cathedral. Also, the inorganic part of the pastiglia substrate showed to have been composed of gypsum and an iron-rich clay. These results are discussed in the larger context of the pastiglia technique in other contemporary historical monuments in Isfahan. It can be said that this present research is looking for structural and technical differences and affinities of these decorations in Isfahan Armenian and Islamic buildings at Safavid era.   Armenian Churches, Wall Decorations, Animal Glue, Linseed oil, Armenian Bole http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-214-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-214-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Kahiro II: The Importance of Copper Oxide Extraction Technology in 4th Millennium BC in Halil River Basin 41 55 FA Seyed Mohammadamin Emami Art University of Isfahan m.emami@aui.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-7484-1991 Meysam Shahsavari University of Jiroft shahsavar2891@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4939-0877 10.52547/jra.6.2.41 During an archaeological survey in the area known as Halil River cultural district, a large number of metallic slag and crucibles were found which have been scattered as residues over the surface of the site, called Chayiro II. The study on the melting slags and crucibles help to know about the metallurgical processes and the presence of copper as the main metals in this region. 10 samples have been selected for mineralogical investigations for identifying the crystalline phases, X-ray fluorescence analysis for better clustering the chemical composition as well as microscopical investigations. Copper droplets in the microscopic textures of the slags indicate the extraction of copper at this time in this region. Copper droplets have been dispersed as the crystalline form and are useful as a factor to estimate the melting temperature. The parts of the melting copper droplets found in this range also show copper casting. The igneous minerals found in the texture of crucibles show the use of an igneous source for their production as the main metallurgical vessels for purification as well as casting. Copper oxide minerals are mainly consisted of cuprite (Cu2O) and delafossite (CuFeO2) in the investigated samples. The existence of oxide minerals as melt residues indicates the melting of copper oxide in the region. Indeed, the accumulated of residues of oxide compounds are mainly the remains of an incomplete process of extraction or casting, which results in the formation of oxide copper at the last casting stage. It seems that copper oxide components are used for the production of matte or copper ingots. Based on the investigations, Kahiro II can be introduced as one of the focal points about the further consideration in this region. Copper oxides are the one of the oldest copper components that used for metal casting and extraction, via direct reduction.   Halil River Basin, Chalcolitic Ara, Archaeometallurgy, Copper Oxide http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-200-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-200-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 The Application of Photogrammetry in Documentation of Inscriptions on Historical Monuments; New Photogrammetry Project in Allah Allah Dome in Sheikh Safi Al-Din Shrine Complex 57 73 FA Mohammad Farsimadan University of Mohaghegh Ardabili m.h.farsimadan@gmail.com Y Karim Hajizadeh Bastani University of Mohaghegh Ardabili karbastani@yahoo.com N Habib Shahbazi Shiran University of Mohaghegh Ardabili habibshahbazi35@gmail.com N Mohammad Alizadeh Sola University of Mohaghegh Ardabili alizadesola@ut.ac.ir N 0000-0001-8951-1883 10.52547/jra.6.2.57 Among all the elements and decorations of historical monuments, Calligraphy could be named as one of the most important ones. Elegancy of early Islamic scripts, because of the nature of their letters’ shapes and their ability to be used in different contexts, propelled them from an aesthetic position to a practical one. After many centuries when a lot of their samples are available on every Islamic monument, they have the both aesthetic and practical values; their values are based on the information that they provide. Despite the importance of the last factor, there are a lot of problems for studying them that the most important one is the lack of sufficient amount of pictures of epigraphs.   Photogrammetry, Documentation, Historical Epigraphs, Sheikh Safi Al-Din Shrine, Allah Allah Dome http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-251-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-251-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Microscopic and Microstructural Study of Arsenic Copper from Spidezh of Bazman 75 89 FA Vahid Pourzarghan Art University of Isfahan vahidpourzarghan@gmail.com N Hamidreza Bakhshandefard Art University of Isfahan HR.Bakhshan@aui.ac.ir Y Mohammad Heydari Administration of Cultural Heritage and tourism of Sistan & Baluchestan heydarism@gmail.com N 10.52547/jra.6.2.75 Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. the existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the early bronze age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic site is located in the southeastern of Iran, is the spidej area. It is one of the most important and settlement centers belonging to the second and third millennia BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. And is located 3 km from Maxsan village. The distance from this area to Iranshahr is about 160 km. significant artifacts were obtained from spidej cemetery as follows: including stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, types of weapons etc. This led to the registration of the spidej site at number 6745 in the list of national monuments. In this study, a number of metal objects in spidej cemetery were identified to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. Instrument analysis of SEM-EDS shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and some of Cu-As alloy are made by casting in mold and considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. Also, the uniform and high percentage of arsenic 5 in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by method Co-smelting. Metallographic studies show that physical operation on these works are a repetition of a cycle cold working and annealing work to further ductility these works.   Ancient Metalworking, Arsenic copper, Co-smelting, Chance Metallurgy, Spidezh of Bazman, Cu-As http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-245-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Technical and Comparative Study of Monochrome Turquoise Nare Tile of the Ilkhanid and Safavid Periods (Dome of Soltaniyeh and Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardabili’s Shrine as the Case Study) 91 106 FA Soodabeh Yousefnejad Art University of Tehran syousefnezhad@yahoo.com Y 0000-0003-0500-9496 10.52547/jra.6.2.91 In the current study, the samples of Nare tile (glazed bricks) of the Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardabili’s Shrine and Soltanieh Dome were studied to understand the techniques of the tiling decorations applied in the architecture of the dome in the Safavid and Ilkhanid eras, emphasizing two prominent buildings of these two historical periods. The transition chromophore elements of the glazes were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma and constituent phases of the bodies by X-Ray Diffraction. According to the results, the nature of the glaze, its erosion, and chemical structure of the bodies of the studied samples was determined, and the possibility of the technical comparison of the samples of the two periods was provided in terms of the constituent compositions of the body and glaze and the rate of the erosion as well as the estimation of the  historical Nare tile firing temperature .   Nare Tile, Soltaniyeh, Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardebili’s Shrine, XRD, ICP http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-239-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Evaluation of Environmental Factors in the Formation of Parthian Settlements in Sarakhs Plain 107 126 FA Davood Behroozifar Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch davood_2698@yahoo.com N Reza Mehrafarin University of Mazandaran reza.mehrafarin@gmail.com Y Mohammadreza Saeedi SAMT saeedi@samt.ac.ir N Ahmad Chaychi Amirkhiz Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT) chaychi1392@gmail.com N 10.52547/jra.6.2.107 Due to the Parthian origin in northeastern Iran, Sarakhs plain (Figure 1) was the subject of a methodical field study to gain an understanding of the process and how to establish and influence both nature and man in the region. The result of this study was the identification of fourteen settlement sites from this period, which can be considered and evaluated from the perspective of environmental factors and the size of the sites.   Sarakhs Plain, Archaeology, Parthian Settlement Pattern, Environmental Factors http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-233-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-233-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Identify Hidden Designs in Antique Paintings Using Industrial Radiography 127 140 FA Mahdi Mirzapour Bu-Ali Sina University mahdimirzapour67@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-7750-0914 Effat Yahaghi Imam Khomeini International University eyahaghi@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-5252-1746 Seyedeh Maryam Ghiyasi Limanjubi Imam Khomeini International University maryam.ghyasi56@yahoo.com N Jose Antoni Madrid Garcia Valencia Polytechnic University jmadrid@crbc.upv.es N 0000-0002-4994-2336 Amir Movafeghi Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute amovafeghi@aeoi.org.ir N 0000-0002-1249-6811 10.52547/jra.6.2.127 In past centuries, to prevent exquisite paintings, new works of art were painted on them. To identify the hidden paintings on the board, using digital radiography as a non-destructive testing method is recommended. Some phenomenon such as photon scattering, different types of noises, etc. causes on the quality of output radiographs. In this paper, we use two pyramid-based methods, i.e., the Gaussian pyramid method and the Laplacian pyramid method, to improve the quality of radiographs. The experimental results show the effectiveness of applied methods for identifying the hidden paintings.   Hidden Designs, Antique Paintings, Industrial Radiography, Image processing, Gaussian Pyramid Method, Laplacian Pyramid Method http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-252-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-252-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Landscape Archaeological Approach to Explain the Settlement and Cultural Pattern of Kashfarud Basin (Mashhad Plain) from Neolithic to Middle Bronze 141 155 FA Hasan Basafa University of Neyshabur hbasafa@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-5390-6197 Mohamad Sadegh Davari University of Neyshabur m.sadeghdavari@yahoo.com N 10.52547/jra.6.2.141 Cultural landscape for the first time in 1920 has been used in many sciences. In archeology, this approach is called landscape archeology, which deals with human interaction and its cultural and environmental domain. Kashfarud River is the main vital artery and water source of Mashhad plain, therefore, Kashfarud basin has always been considered by researchers as the oldest basin and cultural landscape of Iran due to the works of the ancient Paleolithic period. Biology is the study of the relationship between man and the nature around him. Human impact from this natural environment has always caused spatial differentiation in terms of population density and habitation and has led to the formation of specific patterns of habitation in different ancient periods. In the present study, environmental factors and their role in shaping space Human habitats in the prehistoric period (from Neolithic to Middle Bronze Age) Mashhad city have been studied and their distribution model has been identified. The scope of the present study is Kashfarud catchment as the main artery within the political boundaries of Mashhad city) Mashhad plain). Khorasan, Mashhad Plain, Kashfarud, Landscape Archeology, Prehistoric Settlements, Settlement Patterns http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-253-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-253-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Investigation and Recognition of Organic Matterials of Pastiglia Layer and Gliding of Safavid Period in Chehel Sotoun Palace of Qazvin 157 173 FA Seyed Mohsen Hajiseyyedjavadi Payame Noor University hajsayyedjavady@pnu.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-8456-086X Asghar Fahimifar Tarbiat Modares University fahimifar@modares.ac.ir N Yaser Hamzavi Tabriz Islamic Art University Y.hamzavi@tabriziau.ac.ir N 0000-0002-3504-0534 10.52547/jra.6.2.157 The wall paintings of Qazvin Chehelsotoun Mansion include two periods in the early Safavid period and one period in the Qajar period. This topic has received little attention in the field of structural studies and stylistics. Investigating these decorations in order to understand the evolution of this art and considering the temporal precedence over other murals in the Safavid period seems necessary. The city of Qazvin is located in the northern part of Iran and west of its capital. Qazvin has been the capital city of Iran for more than half a century in the Safavid era.Today only a few important monuments of that era remained. That is why they all need special attention to identify, maintain and introduce.Among these monuments, the Chehelsotoun mansion is very important because of the remaining of the early Safavid murals.Pastiglia and gilding is one of the most complex and special methods of surface decoration in Islamic architecture of Iran, the flourishing of which should be sought in the Safavid period; This architectural array, which is a combination of organic materials as well as metallic and non-metallic minerals, was processed and executed during a special process. In order to properly protect the work and also to retrieve the technical information contained in it, as well as to obtain the technical information of this type of architectural arrangement in Safavid Iran, its artistic and technical recognition in Qazvin Chehelsotoun as one of the most important buildings in the capital. Safavidism becomes important and necessary. From the first capital of the Safavid period (in Tabriz) there is no layered and gilded array and Qazvin before Isfahan was considered and appropriate measures have been taken to create architectural arrays. The present study has studied the structure of layered and gilded arrays in the two Safavid periods (Shah Tahmaseb period and Shah Abbas period) in Qazvin Chehelsotoun. This research has been done with a laboratory approach with the aim of analyzing and understanding the structure of different parts of these arrays, including the organic and inorganic structure of the pastiglia layer, as well as the golden layer used on the pastiglia layer, called gilding. In this regard, sampling was done from the layer of pastiglia and gilding related to Shah Tahmaseb period and also the layer related to Shah Abbas Safavid period, which was evaluated using analyzes (SEM-EDS, FT-IR, GC-MS) and These samples were compared. The result of EDS analysis from the surface of the metal layer indicates high purity gold. Also, the mineral part of the pastiglia layer is composed of gypsum and a type of soil with a high percentage of iron (Hormuz or Armenian mud). Examination of SEM images on the samples showed the presence of residues of organic matter used in pastiglia and gold-plated arrays. Examination of the samples with GC-MS indicates the use of vegetable oils, which due to the significant amount of eighteen carbon compounds and their oxides, it can be attributed to flaxseed oil as a gold leaf adhesive in pastiglia layer arrays and Gilding has been used. Pastiglia, Gilding, Chehel Sotoun of Qazvin, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, GC-MS http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-219-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Age Estimation of Human Remains Using Dental System (A review of age estimation methods in dental anthropology) 175 189 FA Elham Farnam Institute of Archeology elhamfarnam@yahoo.com Y 10.52547/jra.6.2.175 Although estimation of age at death is an essential part of reconstructing information from the skeletal material, it is one of the most difficult and controversial investigation in bioarcheology, because individuals of the same chronological age can show different biological age. Among the various   methods used, estimating the age by the teeth, because of both their more stability in archaeological contexts and their ability to change with age, is very attentive and applicable. Even though many of modern methods are used in forensic science are based on tooth sections and   histological examinations which are not appropriate in archaeological samples due to tooth destruction. In this article besides introducing and discussing the nondestructive methods of using teeth in estimating the age of human remains, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are mentioned. purpose of this paper is to review the methods of dental age estimation for subadults by studying “tooth development” and for adults by observing “physiological degenerations”. Because of the regular formation and eruption times for teeth, dental development is the most widely used technique for ageing subadult remains. Based on this assumption, a graphic summary of data on dental development has been provided which contains all of the calcification, eruption and root completion times. Since a permanent tooth erupts, it begins to wear. If the rate of wear within a population is fairly homogeneous it follows that the dental wear is a function of age.  As teeth age, formation of secondary dentine reduces the coronel height and width of the pulp cavity.  Some researchers used this to radiographs   of adult individuals and have been able to obtain accurate results. Other studies have shown that apical translucency of tooth roots correlates with adult age, but applications of the technique have shown it to be less useful than other   methods. Bioarchaeology, Age Estimation, Dental Wear, Dental Development http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-243-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf

Tabriz Islamic Art University Journal of Research on Archaeometry 2476-4647 2476-4639 6 2 2020 12 1 Book Review: Human Osteology in Archaeology 191 198 FA Javad Hoseinzadeh Sadati University of Kashan javadhoseinzadeh@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-1954-8389 10.52547/jra.6.2.191 “Human Osteology in Archaeology: instructions for how to practice and preserve of human remains in archaeology”, written by Milad Hashemi and Hamed Vahdati Nasab (from Department of Archaeology, University of Tarbiat Modares) has been published in 2019 by Nedaye Tarikh publication, and includes 185 pages of contents, pictures, photos, sketches, forms and tables. Publication of this short instructional book is a sign of a need in Iranian archaeological and anthropological spaces for more cares about human remains from archaeological contexts, and the authors aptly response to this necessity. While there are some shortages in book layout and arranging of its contents but from editorial point of view it will satisfy the tastes of its readers. The book has not been divided to different chapters, and its content are aligned according to stages that one wish to starts to study human skeletal remains from its very begging, includes importance of human remains in archaeology, preparation for excavation of human remains, how to document and study them in filed and laboratory, and preserve them during and after studies. Except few cases, the authors properly and precisely covered most fundamental issues that were needed, and with the help of pictures, photos, sketches, forms and tables they tried to convey the abstracts of what is needed to transfer to their readers with respect of the aims of the book. Human Osteology, Archaeology, Human Remains, Protection and Preservation http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-256-en.html http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-256-en.pdf