@article{ 
author = {Abedi, Akbar and Vosough, Bahram and Razani, Mehdi and B.Kasiri, Masoud and Steiniger, Daniel and Ebrahimi, Ghader},  
title = {The First Obsidian Source in North-Western Iran for Provenance of Local Prehistoric Lithic Artifacts}, 
abstract ={Obsidian is a dark glass formed by very rapid solidification of volcanic lava, but in the archaeological view, this volcanic glass is an important source for prehistoric tool-making and artifacts such as arrowhead, point, flake, blade, hand axes, micro-blades and etc. Therefore, obsidian artifacts are frequently used material in prehistory and found widely in archaeological sites around the world. The provenance study of obsidian has been an issue of intense research and debate between archeaometrist and geologists. Hence, different provenance studies carried out in Anatolia and Caucasus since 1960s up to 2015, but the obsidian research in Iran is in very early stage and consider as terra incognita. According to the occurrence of lithic obsidian artifacts in most of the prehistoric archaeological sites in north-west of Iran have been recovered during last decades, various questions have been rise on the subject of the provenance of these materials. New studies on prehistoric obsidian artifacts have been done by other scholar specially Iranians during the recent years, where the main part of these studies focus on the characterization and classification of the obsidian artifacts by chemical analysis, in order to find an evidence of sourcing and provenance. More recent research showed that some obsidian tools might have come from unknown sources located in Iran (perhaps Sahand and Sabalan Mountain). This paper will try to discuss the new obsidian mine in north-west Iran in western Asia. After a brief introduction of obsidian studies in north-west Iran, the paper addresses preliminary report of recent researches that took place concerning 10 local obsidian mine samples from Tajaraq of Miyaneh and Ghizilja of Bostababad, around of Bozghoosh Mountain in the skirt of Sahand volcano. This study was realized by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), as a non-distractive technique for elemental analysis, to differentiate between local obsidian mine. From 10 mine samples, 8 samples from Tajaraq of Miyaneh and 2 samples of Ghizilja of Bostanabad were selected and analyzed. This mine samples could be consider as the first obsidian source specimens in association with prehistoric lithic artifacts of north-west Iran and give the chance for detail and comparative studies of these sources with prehistoric site artifacts for provenance studies, as local or imported materials to this part of Iran. The research has been carried out with a focus on locating the origins and resources of obsidian procurement in the northwest of Iran, in order to rethink and reconstruct the regional and supra-regional trade and exchange networks in future. The project clearly identified the three groups of geochemically different obsidians named Tajaraq A, Tajaraq B, and Ghizilja. Due to the fact that Tajaraq obsidian is of a higher quality than the Ghizilja ones, it seems likely that the samples of Tajaraq obsidians have had the ability to be used for tool-making in the past, as the samples of Ghizilja, Bostanabad are too fragile and perlitic in structure. Hence, as the two groups of Tajaraq A and Tajaraq B have the ability to be used for ancient tools in all probability, they can be introduced as candidates for obsidian mining in prehistoric times in the northwest of Iran. In fact, the proposed hypothesis is still at a very early stage and future scientific studies and field research have to be followed. Comparing the new results with prehistoric sites in the cultural areas of Miyaneh and Bostanabad, it becomes obvious that the Tajaraq B obsidian overlaps in some trace elements with published data Anatolian sources. If this overlap could be found also by comparing other elements and their combination, and if it will be confirmed by other methods in future, it could lead to a complete review of all previous obsidian analysis from Iran. In other words, several samples that were up to now thought to be from Anatolia could come in reality from source B of Tajaraq. This is a serious and peculiar hypothesis, which means, at first step, more data have to be collected at the geological outcrops and especially, by analyzing the archaeological finds from well stratified context. The implications of the findings will discuss along with limitations and future research directions.},  
Keywords = {Obsidian, Local Sources, XRF, Tajaraq Obsidian Mine, Ghizilja Mine, Bostanabad},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-15}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.1},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-82-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Safari, Amir and Karam, Amir and SardariZarchi, Alireza and Fattahi, Morteza and Motamed, Rez},  
title = {Geo-Archaeology of West Susiana Plain with an Analysis of Hydraulic Structures}, 
abstract ={Geo-archaeology arises from the integration of methods and abilities of archeology and geomorphology. Evidences suggest that during the history of the earth, climatic conditions have undergone numerous changes in geographic characteristics, including geomorphic ones. Understanding the geomorphic phenomena and its effects on ancient habitats help in identifying human habitation patterns and therefore, managing archaeological heritages in a regional scale. Susiana plain in the north of Khuzestan province has been the longest site of the first and most extensive archaeological research in Iran. Susa, the foundation of the first cultural succession framework, has been introduced from prehistoric periods in southwestern of Iran. Based on the surveys and extensive excavations in Khuzestan, different sites have been identified with long-term occupancies, which in some way illuminate the settlement system of different periods of life in this area. Over a hundred years of excavation in Susa, the signs of settlements and communities have been identified, which prove that these settlements have begun since the middle of the 5th millennium BC, and continued steadily until the seventh century AH. Generally, human and natural changes can be the cause of the weakening of the settlements at any time period. Now, the question is which of these factors has influenced the weakening of the settlements of the western Susiana plain and what process has taken place? The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the factors affecting these settlements. Susiana plain, as one of the most important human origins in the Middle East, is of great importance to those interested in the natural and ancient sciences. Geo-archaeological studies, and especially the use of geomorphological techniques to understand the pattern of human habitats, can be an effective step towards making the history of civilization clearer in this region, and in Iran. The methods used in this study were application of corona satellite images, field observations and luminescence optical lens experiments. Overall, the survey of the environment, review the totality of settlements and water resources, as a criterion for field deployments, have been used in this study. Therefore, the separation of historic or prehistoric periods is not so significant. Although the role of human factors in undermining certain important settlements is undeniable, but in the vastness of a plain with hundreds of scattered settlements, a greater reason is required. In addition, there is not enough evidence available from anthropologists about human factors yet. If we consider the importance of water in human societies and throughout the human history along with the environmental changes detailed in the discussion, it can be assumed that the natural changes were the main factor in undermining or destroying the settlements of the western Susiana plain. The overall results show that, contrary to the assumptions, the Dez River plays an important role in the population deployments of the western Susiana plain, which has been abandoned after geomorphologic changes in the bed and as a result of the lowering of the water level, declining the settlements of the plain. Eventually, after an indefinite period of time, with the construction of the Harmushi channel from Karkheh and the expansion of its branches, the settlements were gradually reformed in the western part of Susiana plain.},  
Keywords = {Susiana, Luminescence, Geo-Archeology, Geomorphology, Hydraulic Structures},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {17-29}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.17},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-173-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rahmani, Gholamreza and Hosseini, Mahdi},  
title = {Intention and its Relation with Colors Used in Royal Qajar Mural Painting}, 
abstract ={In the 19th century, professional conservators started using the science and scientific attitude in the process of conservation studies. With the improvement of scientific methods, conservators gained the ability to use analytical approaches to solve the problems. Emphasizing on using chemical and physical studies had made a new field in conservation of arts. In this paper, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is used to identify the pigments and the base of mural paintings with the goal of acknowledging the role of science and the intention of artist in application specific colors and methods at creating the royal Qajar mural paintings. This analysis is necessary to improve the level of decision making for conservation and restoration. The results of this study shows the Qajar artist chose the colors with full cognizance and the only differentiation is observed in blue pigments, where Lapis Lazuli was used in the “Saf-e-Salam-e-Fathalishah”. Lazuli blue is known for being resistant to weathering and for its fluorescent feature, and transmits the intention of the artist to the viewer in the best way. The approach of this research in data gathering through studying the available sources about Qajar mural painting with the consideration of artist intention along with the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the samples from three Qajar royal wall paintings from Golestan palace. These wall paintings now assembled in Negarestan palace, discussing the artist intention in choosing/applying materials and methods in creating mural paintings of Qajar era. Artist’s intention can have different levels of complexity, but conservators identify a familiar problem as the main one. Natural causes and physical conditions change the features of the artwork. Time, dust, or undesirable incidents always create a condition in which the art work is dimmed, changed or damaged. In other words, the colors are dried, cracked or flaked, the canvas is swollen and panels are detached. Moreover, the organic pigments become pale or colorless and metal pigments can be oxidized and turn black and brown from green and red. Neither the artist nor the conservator have access to stable ingredients. Conservators know how hard controlling or forecasting such problems can be and these factors add on to the complexity of the job. Except the goal, choices of the artist in materials will be affected by physical damage, quality loss and deterioration. Artworks cannot be kept in the final form which the artist created, although Qajar mural paintings have their own visual features, they also have their own distinctive ingredients and method of painting. One of these are the unique method of each artist. Laboratory researches showed that the only difference between the two mural paintings were the blue pigments. This research aims to answer how choosing the ingredient and method with the intention of the artist in the time of creating the artwork can help us to understand the art better. So, the purpose of this research is to study the royal Qajar mural paintings based on the chemical analysis to understand the intention of the artist in creation of these two artworks.},  
Keywords = {Intention, Royal Qajar Mural Painting, Lapis Lazuli, Prussian Blue, FT-IR},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {31-41}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.31},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-171-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-171-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghobadi, Azadeh and Emami, Mohammad Amin and Aslani, Hesam and Ojaghi, Behz},  
title = {Analysis of Rock Cracks in Naqsh-e Rostam Historical Area by Remote Sensing}, 
abstract ={Cultural heritage sites are threatened from a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. Innovative and cost effective tools are needed to protect them via systematic monitoring of landscapes and cultural heritage sites. In this study, the overall risk in the Naqsh-e Rostam area, as a case study, was assessed in a multidisciplinary approach, based on the remote sensing techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis. Naqsh-e-Rostam is known as an ancient periphery which is located in northwest of Persepolis in Fars (nowadays Shiraz), Iran. The oldest relief at Naqsh-e-Rostam is severely damaged and dates back to 1,200 B.C., while there is a rock relief thought to be Elamite, originally. Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings are carved out of the rock face and seven oversized rock reliefs at Naqsh-e-Rostam depict the monarchs of the Sassanid period. In Sasanian epoch, Naqsh-e-Rostam site was very important due to its religious and national role, where Ernst Emil Herzfeld and Heidemarie Koch estimated its ancientness about 4,000 B.C. This historical site, which is one of the most unique ancient monuments in Iran, is suffering from some problems such as erosion and deep cracks, due to mainly the climatic and geological characteristics of the region. Currently, several damages threaten this site, which are also remarkable on the high reliefs and on the ground, vicinity of the reliefs. These monuments are located in orographic mountains which expose overall to interaction with their surrounded environment. Therefore, existing deterioration as well as erosion process is mainly due to the climatic conditions and geo-environmental factors that cause such challenges. The aim of this study was to analyze the unexpected appearance of a deep fracture with unknown reasons in this site during the recent years and to find the basic phenomenon for the appearance and development of these fractures. First, several natural and anthropogenic hazards were mapped using different remote sensing data and methodologies. All data were gathered from satellite images and products. Then, the results from each hazard were imported into a GIS environment in order to examine the overall risk assessment based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The results showed that the methodology applied was effective enough in the understanding of the current conservation circumstances of the monuments in relation to their environment, as well as in the prediction of the future development of the present hazards. Transverse and main cracking are dominant damages that will result erosion in whole of these works. The focal pressure sources, which produced once drainage and haulage of water stream along the crack systems in the rock surfaces, was studied with Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery, and analyzed with respect to GIS system. Finally, the gullies effect was identified in the back of the rocks.},  
Keywords = {Naqsh-e Rostam, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System, Digital Elevation Model, Gullies},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {43-54}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.43},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-116-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hamzavi, Yaser},  
title = {The Oldest Use of Tile in Architectural Decorations of the Islamic Period of Iran and Recognition of Combined Fractured Pieces of Glazed Pottery and Plaster-Brick Decorations Technique in Khajeh Atabak Kerman}, 
abstract ={The companion of different materials in architectural decorations of Iran, during the Islamic era, in many cases has opened up new art styles and techniques and changed the aesthetic look of the cultures that carry this phenomenon. The accompaniment of brick, plaster and glaze decorations is one of the fascinating changes in the history of art of Iranian architectural decorations that its history of invention has remained somewhat obscure. Meanwhile, the initial idea of using tiles in the decorations of Iranian architecture in the Islamic era remains largely unknown. Tile is a type of architectural decoration that may be originated from ancient Iran, and therefore, little information is available about the manufacturing and execution techniques and specimens of tile works from the early centuries of the Islamic era. This aim of this work was to distinguish between the tile and the glazed-brick. From the view-point of the researcher, when the thickness of the glazed-ceramic exceeds from its width, the work becomes glazed-brick, while the width of the glazed-ceramic become greater than its thickness, it will be a tile. The main purpose of this research was to obtain the information on the oldest tiles of the Islamic period in Iran, which could be found as the glazed-ceramic in the architectural design Khajeh Atabak in Kerman. In order to achieve the aims of this research, the study of written sources and the field studies were carried out simultaneously, to characterize the tile works in Iranian architectural decorations, especially at the tomb of Khajeh Atabak in Kerman. On the basis of the results obtained, it could be said that unfortunately from the Islamic period in Iran till the 11th century AD., no dated tiles have been left. Many of the tiles with no written date on them have been dated by researchers regardless the manufacturing technology, and only based on the tiles appearance and archaeological characteristics.  These dating studies have not been performed based on the laboratory studies and they were actually done with speculation, so are not scientifically acceptable. For example, for decades it was thought that the oldest tiles in Iranian architecture belong to the Qazvin Jame-Mosque, while as a result of field studies realized in this research, it was found that there is no antique tile in this monument, where the color of the painting was mistakenly recognized as tile. Donald Wilber reported this error for the first time, and over the several decades, all the researchers repeated the same error without careful scrutiny. Anyway, the tile samples of five monuments with a collection of tiles or with one single tile were identified as the oldest tiles of the Islamic period in Iran. One of the main results of this research is to identify the use of fractured pieces of glazed pottery in architectural decorations, where some researchers have identified these works as the tiles. In these cases, both sides of the pieces of potteries have glaze and the body is very thin and delicate along with the arches and curves. Moreover, in some cases the edges of the pottery container can also be seen. Achieving this result reinforces this hypothesis that using the broken pottery container may have formed the first idea for tiles construction.},  
Keywords = {Architectural Decoration, Tile, Glazed Pottery, Seljuk Period, Khajeh Atabak},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {55-80}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.55},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-177-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-177-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shafiee, Mojgan and MollaSalehi, Hekmat Allah and Eskandari, Nasir and Daneshi, Ali},  
title = {The Absolute and Relative Chronology of Tepe Vakilabad: A Reappraisal of the Chronology of the Chalcolithic Period of Tepe Yahya in SE Iran}, 
abstract ={After half a century, a new excavation project was launched in Orzu’iyeh (Soghan valley), south-eastern Iran where the well-published Tepe Yahya is located. Tepe Yahya was discovered in 1967 by a survey team from Harvard University under the direction of C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky. It was occupied, with interruptions, from the late Neolithic to the early Sasanian period. Indeed, Tepe Yahya remains the main controlled excavation carried out to date within south east Iran. According to the cultural sequence of Tepe Yahya, periods VI and V appeared to be the Chalcolithic levels of the site (6th-4th Millennium BC). This paper intends to present the results of a new excavation project in this area. Due to the exciting discovery of major Bronze Age urban centers in south-eastern Iran, such as Shahr e Sukhteh (Sistan), Shahdad and Konar Sandal (Jiroft), most scholarly attention has been given to the 3rd millennium BC. As a result, the cultures preceding the Bronze Age have been often neglected, whereas the Bronze Age cultures had developed from the Chalcolithic ones. Tepe Vakilabad, as a Chalcolithic key site in the south-eastern Iran, would help us to recognize better the cultures of this era. This mound is located in the Orzu'iyeh district in the south west of Kerman province, south-eastern Iran. The area of Orzu'iyeh is known in the archeology of Iran due to the presence of Tepe Yahya and also to its strategic location. This area is a natural corridor drawn in the east-west direction connecting south of Kerman province to Fars. The eastern part of this plain includes Soghun Valley (where Tepe Yahya is situated), and the middle and western parts are respectively Dowlatabad and Vakilabad plains. This mound contains more than 4 meters of cultural layers belonging to the chalcolithic periods which reveal how important this site could be, but unfortunately, it is badly damaged and bulldozed. This paper states the results of the stratigraphy excavation of Tepe Vakilabad, where a total of 6 C-14 radiocarbon charcoal samples were collected from the only trench of this mound and analyzed by the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) method in the laboratory of university of Lyon, France. Since the chronology of south-eastern Iran is based on the old and not very precise results of Tepe Yahya and Tal-Iblis excavations, it needs the revision. The main objective of this study was to go through the chronology table of south-eastern Iran and discuss it critically with the aid of Vakilabad and the other recent excavations results of the region, such as Tepe Dehno Shahdad. According to a comparative analysis based on the ceramics of this excavated settlement site, it could be concluded that Vakilabad belongs to Yahya V culture, and based on the absolute dating results (mostly ceramics), this site dates back to the early fifth millennium BC to the mid-fifth millennium BC. Finally, the Chalcolithic cultures of the southern Iran will be discussed in a broader context of Near East. It is obvious that the reappraisal of the chronology of this vast cultural region needs further studies, where the present paper may be able to collaborate in these researches.},  
Keywords = { Tepe Vakilabad, Orzu’iyeh, Tepe Yahya, Absolute Dating, AMS},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {81-94}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.81},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-172-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Beygi, Hossein and MohammadiAchachlouei, Mohse},  
title = {Technical Study and Mechanism of Deterioration in a Nitrocellulose based Film}, 
abstract ={Nitrocellulose based film negatives make an important part of the cinematic work. In Iran, these films are also important since they are parts of cultural, historical and artistic heritages. Therefore, such works need to proper care and preservation. The decomposition process of these films occurs due to the inherent deterioration of nitrocellulose as well as the presence of environmental factors such as heat, light and humidity. Nitrocellulose film base decomposition can be very rapid and is generally categorized in five progressive stages; 1. The negatives begin to become yellowish-brown and NO2 gas is released; 2. The film becomes sticky and emits a strong noxious odor; 3. The film changes to an amber color material and the image begins to fade; 4. The negative becomes soft and can weld to adjacent negatives, enclosures and photographs; and 5. The negative decomposes into a brownish acid powder. Technical study and mechanism of deterioration of cinematograph negatives can help to provide better methods of conservation and restoration of this works. In this study, a cinematographic negative sample was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy- Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), spot tests (diphenylamine test and float test), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), optical microscope images and digital loop. The —ONO2, C—O, —OH, C=O groups in the base of the sample and —CH, —CN, —NH, —OH, amide I, and amide II groups in the image layer were identified by FTIR-ATR spectra. A solution of diphenylamine and sulfuric acid was used to identify the negative base, where it contains 90% of sulfuric acid. The color of the solution turned into a deep blue color upon the immersion of the sample. The sample was also sunk in trichlorethylene solution. Results of FTIR-ATR analysis, spot tests and cross section images by SEM indicated that the structure of the negative is gelatin and silver halide (image layer) on the nitrocellulose plastic base. The instability of nitrocellulose based cinematograph negative can be attributed mostly to the extremely thermal sensitivity of nitrocellulose. An examination of bond energy implies the oxygen-nitrogen (O—N 169 kJ; C—C 347 kJ; C—O 360 kJ; C—H 414 kJ) linkages are almost readily cleaved, leading to the formation of volatile nitrogen oxide decomposition products. The degradation in the image layer in the form of brown bobbles, due to release of NO2 gas in the negative base was observed by optical microscope and digital loop images. Redox blemishes also were observed by optical microscope and digital loop images in the shape of yellow-orange circles on the surface of the negative. Redox-blemishes were observed for the first time in 1960s on the surface of the microfilms. At first, the problem of redox blemishes was thought to be peculiar to microfilm. But, it was later found to occur on many types of silver photographic materials. Archival gases (peroxides) produced by improper environmental conditions and use of inappropriate materials in the maintenance of the sample cause the oxidation of silver in the image layer, its migration to the surface of the negative and led to the formation of Redox blemishes. The results of the SEM/EDS analysis of Redox blemishes on the negative surface indicate the deterioration of silver ions in the image layer. Humidity also accelerate Redox-blemishes.},  
Keywords = {Cinematograph Negative, Nitrocellulose, Gelatin, Redox Blemish},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {95-104}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.95},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-164-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {SaedMucheshi, Amir and Esna-Ashari, Amir and Rahmati, Seyed Morteza and Bahadori, Roya and Madani, Farah Sadat},  
title = {Compositional Study of the Potteries from Sarcham, Bardemar and Kenacheh Sites, Hawraman Area, Kurdistan Province, Iran}, 
abstract ={The archaeological sites, including the Sarcham, Bardemar and Kenacheh were excavated during the Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (DDASP) in the Hawraman region, west of the Kurdistan province, western Iran. These sites are adjacent to the Sirwan River. Bardemar is an open-air site and Kenacheh is a cave site. Both sites contain the material cultures of the late Islamic period with simple brown potteries. Mica was the temper which used for making the potteries, so their tempers are shiny and reflect easily the light. The potteries of these two sites were hand-made and not well-fired. The Sarcham is a multi-period site and was recognized the records of Parthian/Sassanid period, Iron Age I, late Bronze Age and Chalcolithic period. The historical period potteries are mostly orange and wheel-made. While, the Iron Age I potteries are divided to buff, orange and grey colors. The grey wares are less abundant. These potteries that have temper were mostly hand-made and under-fired. The same characteristic can be seen in those of the Bronze Age. Potteries related to the Chalcolithic period are categorized into two groups of red slipped and the buff wares. The latter ones that are occasionally characterized by black-on-buff decoration are in minority. During this period the straw-temper was mostly used for tempering the potteries, where they were mostly under-fired. Totally 42 potsherds were selected for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis including 14 samples from Bardeh Mar, 8 samples from Kenacheh and 20 samples from Sarcham. Some factors that could help to better characterize the soils, including variety of sites in which the potteries are found, their uses and the pottery styles, were used to provenance the potteries of this study. In addition to the data of the potteries, data of three soil samples surrounding the excavated sites were generated. The XRD data showed that calcite, quartz, clay minerals, feldspar and iron oxides are the main pottery-forming minerals, while the calcite, quartz and clay minerals are the main soil-forming minerals. The XRD data suggests derivation of few potteries from non-local materials. However, the XRF data from the potteries revealed that all the samples are cogenetic and originated from the soils of the same geological formation. All the excavated sites are located on the same rock types or the alluvium derived from them. The rocks and consequently the derived alluvium (soils) were formed as the result of the same geological process (es). This is the evidence confirming the results obtained by the XRF data. The XRD and XRF data that are compiled with the geological information of the area where the sites are located indicates that all the potteries of different periods have similar characteristics and made by the use of local materials. All the potteries from Chalcolithic period to the late Islamic period, even the ones with lower frequencies, were made using the local soils. The results are also applicable for the Kenacheh cave, where it has been used by the local transhumances. Location of the Hawraman region in a mountainous area, adjacent to the west-central Zagros and Mesopotamia has caused that the way of living of the ancient people of this area be always questionable. Recognition of the soils that had been the origin of the potteries is helpful for characterization of the geographical origin of the potteries.},  
Keywords = {Chemical Analysis, Pottery, Mineralogy, Hawraman, XRD, XRF},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {105-127}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.105},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-158-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-158-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shirvani, Maryam},  
title = {Study of Pigments in Decorations of Exterior Porch Painting in Soltanieh Dome of Zanjan}, 
abstract ={There are many art works of the Mongol Ilkhans period in Iran that are unique in architecture and decor. Zanjan Soltanieh Dome is one of the most important monuments of this era that has various decorations. One of the most beautiful and unique examples of decorations in this building is the special art of painting, which is decorated with colored layers and in the thin layer on the brickwork on the outer porch of this dome and on the plain of Soltanieh. Although in the preceding Seljuk period, the use of gypsum as a lime was relatively common and customary, this type of arrangement reached to its perfection in the period of the Ilkhani. Hence, one of the most prominent features of the Ilkhani architecture was the superb skill in casting of gypsum and its manipulation in many different ways. With the spread of gypsum in the 8th century AH, this method has been used to cover the walls with decorative designs. In the period of the Ilkhani, white dressing usually came with tiny levels, so they kept these smooth surfaces rarely completely white and simple. In general, the use of color is more common in this period, as in all kinds of practices, staining of motifs and in flat surfaces, the use of illuminated paintings of the species was common with a wide range of colors. Soltaniyeh domes include various black, white, red, yellow and gray colors, which have not yet been studied in terms of color combinations to identify the pigments and substrates used in them. The questions are about their color combinations and certain features that have been remained untouched by environmental factors. Identifying this sample of colors has a significant impact on creating their proper protective conditions. Since this dome is in open-air environment, it has been affected by the environmental degradation factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the color combinations of these decorations, which were used for the identification of elemental and combination of color ingredients using FT-IR and XRF analysis techniques. Today, the use of various laboratory techniques for the recognition of compounds in the field of restoration and protection of historical works is routinely practiced. A remarkable contribution to better understanding and better studies has been made. Using the instrumental techniques is an appropriate step to improve the selection of therapeutic effects. Based on the results obtained, the pigment compounds were red, yellow, black bone and calcium carbonate, which have been used on the plaster bed. These pigments have a mineral structure and therefore, have a longer shelf life than organic pigments against environmental degradation factors. This has led to their long-term survival in the external environment. It is also noteworthy that there is no protective layer on them. Nevertheless, their resistant structure is the main reason of surviving these works.},  
Keywords = {Soltaniyeh Dome, Gypsum, Color Enhancement, FT-IR, XRF},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {129-142}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.129},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-179-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-179-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Agha-Aligol, Davoud and Jafarizadeh, Moslem and Rahbar, Mehdi and Moradi, Mahmou},  
title = {Elemental Composition of Glass Beads Excavated from Saleh Davoud Tombs in Susa by micro-PIXE: Evidences of Trade of Glass Artifacts During the Parthian Period}, 
abstract ={Glass beads are unique objects to investigate the trade and exchange of these artifacts between different regions and cultures in the past. The site of Saleh Davoud and its ancient tombs in Susa were excavated in two seasons in 2000 and 2004, under the supervising of Mehdi Rahbar. From these excavations, a significant number of colored glass beads and a number of pieces of glass vessels have been unearthed. In regard to the other objects such as coins, potteries, etc., the period of these glass artifacts dated back to the Parthian-Elymae period. The majority of glass vessels found in Saleh Davoud are simple in shape (undecorated) with green hue in contrast to the glass beads which were considered in much diversity of color. Meanwhile, the different color lines and the gilded layer were used to decorate on the external surface of beads. In this study, totally 13 samples of glass objects from Saleh Davoud, including five samples from glass vessels and eight samples from colored beads have been selected to analyze by micro-ion beam techniques. The aims of the analysis of these objects by micro-PIXE were to focuse on the elemental composition of the main body (bulk glass composition) of the artifacts as well as the decorations which were applied in order to identify the raw materials and get information about the mineral pigments. The thickness and purity of the gold in the gilded layer that was used in a few glass beads were also measured by micro-RBS. The most important questions and hypotheses in this research are: 1- Whether glass beads and glass vessels are locally produced or are imported from other areas; 2- Determination of the pigments and the elements that are responsible for different surface decoration of beads; and 3- Measurement of thickness and the purity of the gold layer using Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) technique to obtain information about the gilding process. The micro-Ion Beam analysis was performed with microprobe system manufactured by Oxford Instruments using the 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerators at the Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute in Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. The samples were analyzed in a vacuum chamber using a beam of 2.5MeV protons focused to a diameter less than 10 μm. The beam current was in the range of 30 to 50 pA. Characteristic X-rays were detected using a Si(Li) detector with an active area of 60 mm2 positioned at an angle of 135◦ relative to the incident beam direction and with an energy resolution of 150 eV for Fe-Kα. Elemental analysis and measurement of the constituents of these samples show that all analyzed glasses from the Saleh Davoud are Soda-lime-silica glass type. However, the weight percentages of magnesium oxide (MgO) and potassium oxide (K2O) in the analyzed samples suggest that the glass beads are manufactured by the mineral soda (natron) flux, and glass vessels were used the plant ashes as a flux. The amount of MgO and K2O are the main reason for this identification. These two oxides in the glass beads are less than 1.5wt. %, while in the glass vessels are more than 2.5wt. %. Therefore, the glass beads were most likely imported from other areas such as Egypt or the eastern Mediterranean Sea through the trade and exchange of glass products to the Saleh Davoud. Moreover, based on the elemental maps from the micro-PIXE analysis, the elements which are responsible for, red, green, yellow and white colors might be identified as Fe, Cu and Pb.},  
Keywords = {Glass Bead, Elemental Analysis, micro-PIXE, Trade and Exchange, Parthian Era},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {143-166}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.143},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-188-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Alizadehashrafi, Behnam and Roohi, Sam},  
title = {Using Dynamic Pulse Function for Semantic 3D Modeling of Historical Landmarks}, 
abstract ={The pulse function (PF) is a technique based on procedural preprocessing system to generate a computerized virtual photo of the façade with in a fixed square size. Dynamic Pulse Function (DPF) is an enhanced version of PF which can create the final photo, proportional to real geometry. This can avoid distortion while projecting the computerized photo on the generated 3D model. The challenging issue that might be handled for having 3D model in LoD3 rather than LOD2, is the final aim that have been achieved in this paper. In this research the parameters of Dynamic Pulse Functions are utilized via Ruby programming language in SketchUp Trimble to generate (exact position and deepness) the windows and doors automatically in LoD3 based on the same concept of DPF. The advantage of this technique is automatic generation of huge number of similar geometries e.g. windows by utilizing parameters of DPF along with defining entities and window layers. In case of converting the SKP file to CityGML via FME software or CityGML plugins the 3D model contains the semantic database about the entities and window layers which can connect the CityGML to MySQL. The concept behind DPF, is to use logical operations to project the texture on the background image which is dynamically proportional to real geometry. The process of projection is based on two vertical and horizontal dynamic pulses starting from upper-left corner of the background wall in down and right directions respectively based on image coordinate system. The logical one/zero on the intersections of two vertical and horizontal dynamic pulses projects/does not project the texture on the background image. It is possible to define priority for each layer. For instance the priority of the door layer can be higher than window layer which means that window texture cannot be projected on the door layer. Orthogonal and rectified perpendicular symmetric photos of the 3D objects that are proportional to the real façade geometry must be utilized for the generation of the output frame for DPF. The DPF produces very high quality and small data size of output image files in quite smaller dimension compare with the photorealistic texturing method. The disadvantage of DPF is its preprocessing method to generate output image file rather than online processing to generate the texture within the 3D environment such as CityGML. Furthermore the result of DPF can be utilized for 3D model in LOD2 rather than LOD3. In the current work the random textures of the window layers are created based on parameters of DPF within Ruby console of SketchUp Trimble to generate the deeper geometries of the windows and their exact position on the façade automatically along with random textures to increase Level of Realism (LoR). As the output frame in DPF is proportional to real geometry (height and width of the façade) it is possible to query the XML database and convert them to units such as meter automatically. In this technique, the perpendicular terrestrial photo from the façade is rectified by employing projective transformation based on the frame which is in constrain proportion to real geometry. The rectified photos which are not suitable for texturing but necessary for measuring, can be resized in constrain proportion to real geometry before measuring process. Height and width of windows, doors, horizontal and vertical distance between windows from upper left corner of the photo dimensions of doors and windows are parameters that should be measured to run the program as a plugins in SketchUp Trimble. The system can use these parameters and texture file names and file paths to create the façade semi-automatically. To avoid leaning geometry the textures of windows, doors and etc, should be cropped and rectified from perpendicular photos, so that they can be used in the program to create the whole façade along with its geometries. Texture enhancement should be done in advance such as removing disturbing objects, exposure setting, left-right up-down transformation, and so on. In fact, the quality, small data size, scale and semantic database for each façade are the prominent advantages of this method.},  
Keywords = {Random Textures, Historical Landmarks, Dynamic Pulse Function, Automatic 3D Location based Semantic Modeling},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {167-177}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.167},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-190-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-190-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shokrpur, Shahriyar and Mirshafiee, Mohamm},  
title = {The Treatise "al-Durra al-Meknuna," the Oldest Written Document on the Luster Enamel}, 
abstract ={The first manuscript which has been identified in the technology of making luster glaze (enamel) is the book Arayes al-Javaher. This book was compiled by Abulqasim Abdullah Kashani in 700 AH and was very effective in making the luster glaze at that time, and introduced for the first time to the world in 1313 AD. The book Javaher Name-ye- Nezami was then introduced as the oldest and most detailed historical written document on the luster glaze, where more than 26 luster formulas have been included in the book. This valuable book was compiled in 592 AH by Mohammad ibn Abi al-Barakat Neyshabouri. Previously, it was believed that Javaher Name-ye- Nezami is the oldest written document on the luster enamel. But, the emergence of book of Jaber ibn Hayan, called al-Durra al-Meknuna in recent years, by Ahmad Yusof Alhasan, revealed correctly how the father of chemistry, Jaber, deals with luster enamel formulas. He was undoubtedly the source of chemical knowledge for other scholars in later centuries. It is very important that the emergence of glass in the second century was coincided with the emergence of the painted luster glass. At the moment, the manuscript al-Durra al-Meknuna was the oldest written document on golden-colored paintings (luster enamel), where it had widespread formulas in this field. This book also contains more formulas about the luster enamels than other historical books and can be important in terms of the origin and nature of the luster -plated technique. The treatise can be divided into four main themes. The first is on the manufacture of coloured glass. The second is on lustre painting of glass and the third is on the colouring of gemstones with descriptions of two furnaces for this purpose. The last one is concerned with the treatment of pearls and gives recipes for glues and other related materials. On the other hand, the treatise contains 118 recipes for talawih (lustre painting of glass), in addition to nine recipes inserted by the editor, al-Marrakishi. However, other books have limited number of formulas, for instance, Arayes Aljvaher and Javaher Name-ye- Nezami have two and thirty formulas, respectively. In a typical process described in the book, metallic ingredients, mainly burnt silver, burnt copper or copper compounds, iron and its compounds and cobalt blue, plus other materials such as cinnabar, magnesia, realgar, orpiment, sulphur, and vitriol, are pulverised individually in vinegar or citron juice and mixed together. Glass articles such as cups are painted and decorated by the colouring mixture and are then introduced into the smoke chamber in the oven. When the cups become black, they are withdrawn and allowed to cool. Then, they are washed until the colour appears, while by introducing them again into the fire, the colour intensifies and changes. Sometimes they are introduced into the fire once again and the colour becomes brighter. The furnace designed in the book is a type of traditional wood burning stoves, where it has four shafts and a fireplace chamber. Inside it, there is a relatively large chamber for the arrangement of ceramic products. In the upper part, there is a circular door that houses the entrance and exit of the furnace to arrange the products. This kind of furnace has been widely used in most regions of Iran. In relation to the term “Zarrin fam,” various items have been mentioned in the literature such as glaze, enamel, ink, talawih, luster, gold glaze, felez fam (metal fam), but in this research, the term “enamel” has been used. The book “al Durra al-Meknuna” has several formulas, so it is recommended that these formulas to be tested on glass and glaze in the future.},  
Keywords = {Luster Enamel Technique, al Durra al-Meknuna, Jaber ibn Hayan, Islamic Glass, Painting on Ceramic and Glass, Manuscript},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {179-185}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.1.179},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-189-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-189-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Masjedikhak, Parasto and Rezaei, Mohamad Hossein and Glascock, Michael and Malek, Hamideh and Khazaee, Mostafa and Shanbehzadeh, Abdolmalek},  
title = {Review and Source Identification of the Obsidian Tools of Ali Kosh Tepe, Dehloran Plain}, 
abstract ={Obsidian is one of the volcanic rocks that can be turned into glass as it cools rapidly. The remarkably high sharpness of the edges of the tools made from these rocks has led it to attract the attraction of pre-historic people quickly. The limited resources of this rock in the Near East and the Caucasus have made it possible for researchers to identify the chemical characteristics of each source for provenance purposes. The first sign of the obsidian exchange in the Near East dates back to the New Paleolithic period and in the Shannidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan, and has continued up to the end of the Chalcolithic period. The geological structure of Iran and the possible availability of such sources in Iran, as well as the reports on the existence of tools with unknown sources, strengthened the idea of obsidian sources in Iran. Previous results showed that all specimens of Tapeh Ali Kosh belong to unknown sources; and the previous report in this regard may be false due to the fact that no complete database of all available sources were known, since such researches have been in their inchoate stages. Based on the data obtained, Tapeh Ali Kosh was actually the most important site in the southwest of Iran during the Neolithic period and was the basis of Ilam chronology. A total of 347 obsidian fragments (9% of the total stone tools) were found in Tapeh Ali Kosh and in Buz Mordeh phases. In the Ali Kosh phase, 2% of the tools belong to obsidian instruments (474 pieces). However, in the Buz Mordeh phase, a decline in the proportion of tools was observed. At this stage, the number of obsidian instruments equals to 417 pieces, which includes 1.7% of the tools. Some of the researchers of obsidians in Iran, since the beginning of this kind of studies, due to the few reports about the samples of unknown sources and also to the volcanic structure of different regions of Iran, have always investigated the obsidian sources which are inside Iran. While, Tapeh Ali Kosh in Deh Luran plain is one of the most important sites, which is one of the first studied archaeological sites on obsidian provenance. Among the samples obtained from this site, some specimens from unknown sources have been reported. The main questions of this study were: 1- If more examples be analyzed, new sources could be identified? 2- Considering the identification of various sources and new subsources in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Afghanistan, and the Arabian Peninsula, samples from this new source are among the Tapeh Ali Kosh tools? 3- Because of extensive studies have been carried out on obsidian sources and subsources in different regions; are there any samples from Tapeh Ali Kosh with unknown source? In this research, some specimens were selected to evaluate such ideas and theories after more than 50 years. Twenty one obsidian artifacts were collected from Tapeh Ali Kosh for the study. All specimens were surface finds and include blades, flakes, and debitage ranging in size from 2 to 4 cm. All 21 samples were sent to the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) for analysis by X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). A Bruker III-V portable spectrometer was used for the pXRF analysis. Twelve elements (including K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, and Th) could be measured in each sample, but only six of these (Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb) are useful for provenance of the obsidian artifacts. The results showed that two specimens were from Nemrut/Bingol (specimens no. 3 and 13), and 4 specimens were from Meydan Dag, i.e. specimens no. 6, 9, 10, and 16. The remaining 15 specimens belong to Nemrut Dag B. Based on the results obtained, it is known that the specimens found at Tapeh Ali Kosh have been supplied from at least two, and at most three sources, and from one unknown source. While in other study conducted on Chogha Ahowan and Chia Sabz specimens, no unknown specimens have been reported.},  
Keywords = {Tapeh Ali Kosh, Obsidian, Provenance, XRF, Neolithic},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {1-13}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.1},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-203-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-203-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ahmadi, Rez},  
title = {Detecting the location of unmarked graves for archaeological purposes ‎using Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) ‎}, 
abstract ={Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive evaluation geophysical method that is able to detect and imaging the all kinds of human handmade structures, subsurface heterogeneities caused by buried objects, identifying empty spaces and cavities in environments and shallow buried targets. GPR has many applications in diverse fields of engineering and science. In the present research, the ability of employing GPR method to detect and determine the location of unmarked graves and buried corps, for archaeological purposes and similar cases has been investigated. In Iran country, the GPR method has not been widely used in archeology, especially for discovery of unmarked graves and detection of buried corps. In many areas of Iran, there are ancient cemeteries and historical tombs that require applying non-destructive and efficient geophysical methods such as GPR method in order for complete subsurface identification. To detect the exact location of unmarked graves and identification of underground human bodies by archaeogeophysical methods, having complete knowledge of the size of the human body’s skeleton (bones), dimensions and material types of various coffins, mummy types and the effect of mummy on the permanence time of the body, decomposition of a corpse, procedure of body burial in different religions and burial depth of corpse is required. To achieve the goal, simulation and forward modeling of GPR data using 2D finite-different method improved in the frequency domain, has been carried out for synthetic models corresponding to empty graves, bones of human body’s members as well as coffins with kinds of materials (wooden and metallic). The most of traditional coffins are wooden with the variety of designs and styles whereas relatively newer ones are made from metal. For this reason, these two types are used for modeling. In forward modeling of synthetic models, the central frequency of antenna was selected about 250MHz to 500MHz. The host medium of targets was chosen from silty clay soil, dry sand and gravel or sandy soil. In order to avoid numerical dispersion, the spatial discretization intervals (grid dimensions) along the X and Z axes were determined equal to 0.01m. Also to prevent numerical instability, temporal sampling rate was set to 0.005ns. Since in reality, coffins are usually at depths of 1ft to 2ft, in the simulations burial depth of upper surface of the coffin or corps was set to 0.8m to 1.2m and the overall depth of the grave was considered maximum 2m. According to the results of the forward modeling, regarding an empty grave, the response of the target top is as hyperbolic with a flat peak while for the bottom of the model is a defective hyperbolic with a flat peak. Therefore, in interpreting the results of actual GPR radargrams this type of response indicates the presence of a cubic structure like a buried grave. In general, the GPR response of the human’s body represents itself as a hyperbolic reflection. For a buried target with a geometrical shape like a wooden coffin filled with air, the response of top and bottom of the coffin is clearly distinguished and the reflection intensity off both responses is relatively strong. Regarding the metallic coffin the response of top is stronger than the wooden one but there is no reflection from its bottom that is due to the strong reflection off the metal and the high attenuation of the electromagnetic waves by the metals. Also in order to investigate the subsurface of the pretty old cemetery, real GPR data was acquired using a GPR system equipped with 800 MHz central frequency shielded antenna. The finalized radargram along one of the surveyed profiles in the studied area through applying various sequence processing containing static correction, dewow filter, band-pass filter, background removal and stacking on the GPR raw data using Reflexw software has also been provided. The results of this research, on the basis of produced GPR responses for the variety of synthetic models and the radargram of real GPR data, show the capability of application of GPR method for archaeological investigations to detect and locate hidden graves, coffins and human corps by expending low cost in a short time without any manipulation and destruction of the environment.  },  
Keywords = {Archaeometry, Geophysics, Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), Forward modeling, Grave, Bone},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {15-33}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.15},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-191-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zakavi, Soheil},  
title = {study of clay resources in chogazanbil area for prepared optimize restoration mud brickes}, 
abstract ={The largest known architectural work of Ilam civilization is the temple of Choghazanbil from Medieval period, in Southwestern Iran (Khuzestan Province), dated to the 13st century BC. The temple has been made by terrestrial soil that has been taken, along riverbanks whose water content is unlimited, indicating wood for directional burning various uses, especially brick firing (and suitable soil for the production of bricks and mortar).That was done however more or less the same as today. The largest volume consumption of materials in Choghazanbil was based on clay that is a major element in the construction of architectural structures. The major architectural elements of historic site of Choghazenbil were bricks and adobe that have been covered in past marbles, but have become dull as time goes by. This research undertake for identifying appropriate clay reserves for optimal restoration purposes of the monuments. The material has been studied quantitatively and qualitatively by physical and chemical methods, in order to clarify what are the affecting factors for selection the best clay based soil for optimal restoration. In this regard, geological formation around Chogazanbil have been studies based on the previous research and in the highlighted locals as A, B, C, D, E, G. Investigations on alluvial deposits of R1, R2 carried out by XRD, XRF, grading, hydrometric and Aterberg boundary. Based on the obtained diagrams, the non-sandy soils contain most of the silty fine grains. This will assume the highest paste index or PI corresponds to sample C and the lowest PI to sample R1. Inflation potential was also found in pastures B, D, E, R1, R2 based on paste index. However, the swelling potential of C and G3 mines was moderate. The results of mineralogical experiments showed that calcite and quartz are the most minerals in the studied soils samples. Calcite in the soil, besides being a deterrent to inflation and divergence due to the presence of clay minerals, can also increase the strength of clay materials. The soils were poor quality in terms of high quality clay minerals such as kaolinite and montmorillonite. XRD analyses show that the amount of silica, in sample E is optimal for clay preparation. This effect makes the clay with high adhesion and strength coefficient produced by calcite. The amount of chlorine and sulfate ions in the soils of B, C, D, E, and G3 areas were also higher than the permitted amount. Sodium and potassium chloride have an important role in swelling and divergence of clay because of monovalent ions in their crystal chemistry. Indeed the soils were divergent soils, due to their salt content and therefor, show little resistance to humidity and water. Discriminating of that, excessive calcite in the samples can be considered as a deterrent agent for rapid inflation. Sulfate can also cause adhesion in the vicinity of moisture and by the latent phenomenon of fracture. The coherence factor of clay structures can effects of this phenomenon and probably most damages on the clay based structure of the Choghaznabil area are the result of this point. Based on the results obtained, the soils reservoirs around Choghaznabil are far from common daily standards for norm brick making, but after refining and valuable preparation, followed by processing, molding and drying can optimally have better mechanical behavior and might be reused for construction. Moreover, the soils samples from R2 and G3 have appropriate grain size than other soils around the area. In this case of study, the best recipes can be achieved by mixing this kind of soil with sand and straw for avoiding the cracks, which had considerable deterioration factor in the vicinity of the humidity and moisture. Optimum handling and processing of the clays from R2 and G3 areas are capable to improve the mechanical behavior of the repaired clay for reusing in the restoration of Choghazanbil.  },  
Keywords = {Choghazanbil, clay resources,restoration mudbrick, Adjustment of the chemical component by XRD method, Adjustment of the chemical component by XRF method},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {35-46}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.35},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-182-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-182-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Agha-Aligol, Davoud and Sodaei, Bita and Khosravi, Leyla and Karimi, Mi},  
title = {Investigation and Study of Glass Artifacts of the Sassanid Period; Case Study: Jahangir Dome and Gouriyeh Glasses in Ilam Province using Micro-PIXE Technique}, 
abstract ={Studying the elemental composition of glass objects provide a lot of information about the manufacturing technique, the determination of the raw materials and the pigments were used to create different colors. In this study, 19 samples of glass objects obtained from the archaeological site of Jahangir Dome and Gouriyeh hill were analyzed by the micro-PIXE technique to measure the constituent elements. The Jahangir Dome and Gouriyeh hill are located 50 km northwest of Ilam on either side of the Kangir River. These sites excavated in three seasons by Leyla Khosravi from 2015 to 2017 and layers related to the Sassanid and the Early Islamic periods have been identified.  In the layers of the Sassanid period a considerable amount of glass has been recovered that no comprehensive research has been done on them so far.  The main purpose of this article is to study the glass industry of the Sassanid period and evaluate the raw materials were used in the manufacture of glass artifacts by micro-PIXE technique that followed by questions about the elemental composition of the glasses, identifying and examining sources of silica and flux raw materials, colorant and decolorant agent. The most important questions raised in this reach are:1- What kind of flux materials have been used in the glassware manufacturing process? 2- The colorant and decolorant materials used in the manufacturing process are deliberately added to the bath or are due to the iron oxide and manganese oxide existing in silica raw materials? The micro-PIXE analysis was performed with microprobe system manufactured by Oxford Instruments using the 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerators at the Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) in Iran. The samples were analyzed in a vacuum chamber using a beam of 2.5MeV protons focused to a diameter less than 10 μm. The beam current was in the range of 30 to 50 pA. Characteristic X-rays were detected using a Si(Li) detector with an active area of 60 mm2 positioned at an angle of 135◦ relative to the incident beam direction and with an energy resolution of 150 eV for Fe-Kα. The results of elemental composition show, the weight percentages of SiO2 (60-71wt.%), Na2O (11-20wt.%) and CaO (4-8wt.%) have the highest proportion of elemental composition in the samples. Also, the weight percentage of MgO (3-6 wt.%) and K2O (2-5 wt.%) in the analyzed glasses are greater than 1.5wt.%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the glass artifacts of these sites are silica-soda-lime glasses type, which is used the plant ashes as a flux.  Furthermore, wide variations in the weight percentage of SiO2, Na2O, K2O and MgO indicate that silica and flux raw materials obtained from various sources. The comparison of these data by the literature data shows the raw materials used in these sites are different from those were used in glasses excavated in Sassanid sites in Iraq. In addition, the elemental composition of these samples show that Fe2O3 and Cu2O are the colorant agents and MnO has been used as a decolorant element in the samples. However, in Jahangir Dome, these oxides were used unintentionally, but in the Gouriyeh,  MnO is added deliberately to the bath.  },  
Keywords = {Ancient glass, Sassanid Period, Jahangir Dome, Gouriyeh, Micro-PIXE},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {47-70}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.47},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-202-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-202-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RiahiyanGohorti, Reza and Naqshineh, Amir Sadeq and SaeidiHarsini, Mohammad Rez},  
title = {Analyzing the contribution of environmental factors to spatial distribution of Chalcolithic settlements in southern part of the cultural region of Halil River (Kahnuj, Qaleh Ganj, and Southern Rudbar plains)}, 
abstract ={Environmental factors, have played a decisive role in shaping and spatial distribution of human settlements. The study of human-environment interactions is one of the major approaches in modern archeology. Understanding human-environment relationships become more important in studying multiple geographic areas. Halil River with the length of 363 km is one of the rivers of Hamun-e Jaz Murian sub-catchment, with a northwest-southeast orientation, which flows in political division of Kerman Province, and around main and subsidiary branches of the river, about 26426 square km, various settlements have been formed in different historical-cultural periods including prehistoric periods which is referred to as “cultural region of Halil River” in archaeological circles. The cultural area of the river is also one of the geographical areas with three climates of "mountainous and temperate", "warm" and "warm and dry and this climatic multiplicity has led to specific patterns in the location and development of permanent and temporary settlements. This is while, Prehistoric archaeological studies in this area, are more focused on the Bronze Age settlements and the contribution of Chalcolithic settlements to such studies is very small. Accordingly, the study of the role of environmental factors in the spatial distribution, viability, and shaping of settlements of the Chalcolithic Age plays an important role in understanding pre-historic cultures before entering the Bronze Age. Because some of the backgrounds of the formation of the Bronze Age cultures can be traced back to the Chalcolithic age. The main question is, what is the impact and role of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of copper and rock settlements in the southern part of Halil river basin? The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on data from archaeological studies. Environmental factors such as altitude, direction and extent of land slope, water resources, land structure and land use associated with 69 copper-rock deployments were analyzed using GIS. Out of  these deployments, 53 cases are in Rudbar plain, 5 cases are in Kahnuj plain, and 10 cases are in Qale Ganj plain. Of settlements, 49 cases are sites: 39 cases in Rudbar plain, 2 cases in Kahnuj plain, and 7 cases in Qaleh Ganj plain; the other 20 cases are hills: 14 cases in Rudbar plain, 3 cases in Kahnuj plain, and 3 cases in Qaleh Ganj plain. Most of these settlements are located in the plain at the bank of Halil River (Kahnuj and Rudbar) and its subsidiary branches (Rudbar and Qaleh Ganj) as well as intermontane areas at the bank of the seasonal river ended in Jaz Murian wetland (Rudbar and Qaleh Ganj). Also 11 cases which are mostly related to Neo-Chalcolithic phase, possess cultural evidence such as ceramics which belong to Bronze Age, and located in Rudbar plain (7 cases) and Qaleh Ganj plain (4 cases). Based on the results, elevation and access to water resources have the most role in the location and shape of the settlements. Accordingly, the role of environmental factors in the tradition of migration and intra-regional relocation is also important, and the study of settlement distribution based on copper- rock chronology indicates an increase in population in this area.  },  
Keywords = {environmental factors, spatial distribution, Chalcolithic, Halil river},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {71-90}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.71},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-205-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-205-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Koochakzaei, Alireza and SaidiMehrabad, Mahs},  
title = {Evaluation of the Impact of Iron on Structural deterioration of Chrome Leather in Buried Conditions, Based on Degradation Indices in FTIR Spectra}, 
abstract ={As leather production is an ancient industrial activity, historical leathers represent an important part of any society’s cultural materials. However, since leather is made from collagen fibers that are susceptible to many degradation factors, leather artifacts have been remained less often than other historical materials. Wide variety application of leather, imposes a particular set of conditions, which can bring about deterioration in the leather. In general, deterioration of leather is a chemical process in which there are a great number of contributing factors. Iron and its corrosion products are among the effective factors in the degradation of leathers, especially in buried specimens. This factor, in combination with the leather and tanning chemistry, leads to very diverse and complex degradation mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of iron corrosion products on leather deterioration. Accordingly, a buried leather sample obtained from historic “Khosravi” Leather Factory, Tabriz Islamic Art University, was examined. Based on appearance, the leather was buried in the vicinity of the iron and its corrosion products. Different parts of leather show the possibility of penetration of different amounts of iron or its corrosion products. Structural evaluation of different parts of the leather and their deterioration was performed by spot test of iron (using potassium ferrocyanide), leather ash measurement, Micro x-ray fluorescence (µXRF), Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and microscopic examination. FTIR spectra were also fitted to the Gaussian function. The results showed that this sample was tanned with chromium salts and, probably, lime was used for dehairing. Examination of leather showed that the amount of iron varied in different parts of leather. In other words, a part of the leather has been in direct contact with iron and, over time, corrosion products have penetrated the leather structure. This has led to differences in the amount of iron in different parts of leather. Structural changes in different parts of leather were investigated using degradation indices in FTIR spectra. The hydrolysis degree of the polypeptide chains can be semiquantified using the amide I/amide II band intensity ratio (IAI/ IAII), which is about 1.25 - 1.30 for new leathers and increases with deterioration. The triple helical structure integrity can be also evaluated by peak absorbance ratio of amide III and 1450 cm-1, which is equal to or higher than 1 for the intact collagen triple helix and around 0.5 for denatured collagen. Moreover, the relative position of amide I and amide II bands (Δѵ=ѵAI-ѵAII) is corresponding to the collagen gelatinization process, and the value is around 90-100 cm-1 for new leathers. The carbonyl index at 1740cm-1 also shows the oxidation of collagen. Accordingly, examination of the structural properties of different parts of the leather showed that as the amount of iron in the leather increased, the integrity of triple-helical structure of collagen collapsed (decrease in IAIII/I1450) and its hydrolysis increased (increase in IAI/IAII). And it also has increased collagen oxidation (increase in I1740/IAI). However, the results did not show a significant change in the index of collagen gelatinization (Δѵ).  },  
Keywords = {Leather, Collagen, Chromium tanning, Degradation of leather, Iron, FTIR},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {91-104}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.91},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-215-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rasouli, Atefeh and HejebriNobari, Alireza and Khamseh, Haideh},  
title = {The Technology of Metal Objects in the North and Northwest of Iran during the Iron Age based on Metallographic Experiments}, 
abstract ={In archaeological survey of Iron Age of North and Northwest of Iran, the study of metal objects is of great importance because of their technical values. Based on archaeological findings of the first millennium BC, the use of metals in the plateau of Iran and other neighboring areas was spread dramatically. As in the Iron Age, a new phase in manufacturing of metal objects was emerged, recognizing the production methods are the important issues in the archaeology of this period. In fact, this Age is associated with the advancement of metal melting furnaces and the manufacturing of metal objects with fairly sophisticated methods. In the sites of Iron Age of Northwest of Iran, the metallurgy was carried out at an advanced level; while the development of the metallurgy tradition Age can be seen in different part of Iran. This diversity is based on metal objects and metal melting molds from the Iron Age sites of Northwest of Iran, especially from Hasanlu and Ziwiyeh, where most of them have high motifs and manufacturing technology, and also based on the metal objects in the Iron Age sites of Mazandaran region, where most of them have a simple shape and no decoration. It can be said that there is more complexity and diversity in the methods of making metal objects in the Iron Age sites of Northwest of Iran compared to that of the North regions of Iran. This research was done based on the analytical methods as well as the field and laboratory studies. The metal objects used in this research were collected from the archaeological excavation, kept in the store of national museum of Iran. After sampling for metallurgical testing, the samples were sent to the metallurgy and materials laboratory of Sharif University of Technology, where they have been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) In this study, seven samples of metal objects were selected for metallography testing, which five of them were related to the Northwest of Iran and two others were related to the North region of Iran. The criterion that has been considered for the selection of the samples was that the discovered samples from the Northwest of Iran as well as metal mine and fuel recourses have been geographically close to each other. Based on the results obtained by metallographic testing and images taken by SEM, it was found that they have been manufactured mainly with two methods. Warm hammering and casting were the main methods of production of metal objects in the Iron Age sites in North and Northwest of Iran. On the hammered production method, a mechanical work such as forging has been done after casting. Therefore, their microstructure was different under the microscope. The metal objects discovered from the Iron Age of Mazandaran region compared to that of the Northwest of Iran sites, have a simple shape and manufacturing technology. This could be probably due to the existence of the most powerful empires such as Urartu and Manna in the vicinity of the Northwest region, and therefore more skilled metallurgist, artists and technologists in this region of Iran. All in all, the metal objects discovered from Iron Age sites of Northwest, especially Hasanlu, regarding the techniques and style of production, are more complex than that of the Iron Age sites of Mazandaran in the North of Iran, which have indigenous and local governance.  },  
Keywords = {Metallurgy Metal objects, the iron age, Metallurgy, Archeology of North of Iran-Archeology of Northwest of Iran.},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {105-115}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.105},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-145-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-145-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {KeykhahHejrati, Hakimeh and AzadiBooyaghchi, Mehrnaz and MohsenMohammadiAchachlouei, Mohse},  
title = {The investigation of Shah Nematollah Vali`s Pateh by EDS, SEM and FTIR systems analysis}, 
abstract ={Patteh sewing is one of the most beautiful and most famous and oldest embroiders in Iran that has very history It`s one of the methods of decorating clothes that is combined closely to the tradition, climate, and attitude of people living in southeast of Iran. Patteh sewing is one of most significant and most brilliant embroiders of Kerman province, and is deeply rooted in the cultural history of Kerman, that is sew on the base of one cloth (Shal) with colorful strings (Ris). The art of Patteh sewing has received much attention from old ages, and there are rear works of this art in museums that it must be studied to be protected. Patteh is among traditional and old arts that protecting them against damaging factors is very important. Compared to other historical works, studying Patteh is performed less. There for, studying and protecting this kind of works increase because they are year. The studied Patteh in this research belong to, Shah Nematollah Vali shrine. This Patteh is prepared on 1294 by 16 Kerman women during three years to cover this shrine. Since this work is the oldest embroider remained in Kerman and till now any protective action isn’t performed on it, recognizing the damages to the fibers of this work is very important. The fibers in this work include field string (Shal), embroider string, decorative string on the margins of work, primer string and connective string that Shal and embroider string are woolen and decorative string is silk and primer string is linen and connective fiber is cotton. In this research to study the damages of fibers in above close up, the method of SEM was used. The results from this research indicate that in the cuticle and cortex area, the wool fibers in Patteh are damaged. Also these damages are probably created because of mechanical and physical pressures on the fibers. To study the percent of variations of humidity and temperature in three seasons of spring, summer and winter, on humidity meter device was used. The results showed that museum has humidity variations that can damage the objects. The most variation are happened in summer. Also a thick layer of pollutants is observed on the fibers. To identify these pollutants, EDS analysis was used, that consequently the elements of Silica, lead, Al and mg were identified. The dust the dust on the fibers will gradually result in physical and chemical damages on studied fibers. The method of FTIR was used to study these damages. Based on This study, it became velar that damage process is happened on silk, wool, cotton and linen fibers. In the leaves of string ( shal ) and the embroider string and root decorative leaves in the edges of studied Patteh that are made of protein are observed in area Amid I and Amid II and Amid III that this decrease in leaves shows the process of destroying in leaves. In the leaves of connective string and primer string that are made of cellulose, the decrease of C-O-C and C-O bonds in historical sample indicate hydrolysis of cellulose molecules, and in historical sample, increase in the C-H area indicate the increase of Crystallinity in leaves of connective string. The reason of this damage on studied fibers is photo damage and shortage of humidity and mechanical pressure's.},  
Keywords = {fibers`harm, EDS, SEM, FTIR, wool, silk, flax, cotton, Shah Nematollah Vali`s pateh},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {117-130}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.117},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-180-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {TaherTolouDel, Mohammad Sadegh and KamaliTabrizi, Si},  
title = {Validation of Infrared Scanner by the Assistance of Geomatic Documentation of the Historical Building of Etemad al-Saltanah}, 
abstract ={Since the historical buildings undergo a lot of changes and damages in the course of history, they are required to be documented. These changes might come about as a result of natural symptoms like rainfall, wind, earthquake, flood, explosion and/or by human beings (consciously or unconsciously). Therefore, efforts should be made in line with 3D documenting such buildings so that, besides precise identification of the buildings’ current status and the damages imposed to them during the time, the future changes and damages’ trends could be predicted, so enables us to prevent their continuation. The documentation system is selected according to the dimensions of the object, the density of the required point clouds and accuracy. Regarding that the current methods for laser-based or photography-based (photogrammetry) 3D reconstruction are expensive or complex, cost-effective infrared sensors, such as the structure sensor and the Kinect sensor, have been introduced as promising alternative tools. An infrared scanner, as a portable depth-sensing scanner, consists of a color sensor and a depth sensor that are capable of capturing color images and depths of objects in the visible and accessible range. These sensors are commonly referred to as RGB-D cameras because they output standard RGB images from the camera that have an additional Depth channel per pixel (Fig. 2). The most recent development of the infrared documentation system is the portable Structural Sensor provided by Occipital in collaboration with Prime Sense. This small, lightweight, wireless sensor directly collects and records point clouds data and create three-dimensional modeling of interiors. Structure sensor is a new technology in metric documentation; therefore, the capabilities of this system have not been evaluated for documenting cultural heritage. According to the error introduced for the structure sensor, the scanner has a precision of more than 99% in objects between 0.4 and 3.5 meters; therefore, it is suitable for heritage documentation. The main purpose of this research is, therefore, to verify this claim based on projects captured through experimental tests, in order to confirm the suitability of this tool for cultural heritage documentation. The historical house of Etemad al-Saltanah was documented (Fig. 8) and processed to experimentally examine the structure sensor, the results of which were compared with the actual dimensions of the house (Table 4). Results of the research showed that this system of documentation is not suitable for 3D capturing and reconstructing historical buildings and does not have the required and claimed level of precision (Table 5). Also, the structure sensor precision was assessed for documenting museum objects through testing the scale model of Imam Mosque in Isfahan, Iran (Fig. 11). Results (Table 6) indicate that the structure sensor is only suitable for historical objects with dimensions between 0.3 and 2 meters, and has a precision of more than 95%, which is acceptable according to the Cadastral spatial information regulation. The number of point clouds varies between 103 and 106 points in each capture (Fig. 12) and the capture dimensions are achievable considering a root-mean-square error up to 5 m3, beyond which is higher than the capability of the scanner. Pearson correlation test showed increasing errors of the scanner with enlarged sizes of objects (Table 3).  },  
Keywords = {Remote Sensing, Point Clouds, Historical Buildings, Restoration, Conservation},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {131-147}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.131},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-204-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-204-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khodabakhshi, Fatemeh and Bakhshandefard, Hamidreza and Agha-Aligol, Davou},  
title = {Experimental and microscopic studies of some copper alloy objects from the Biregan Archeological site of Kouhrang, Second millennium BC}, 
abstract ={Exploring the Biregan is part of the rescue stage of the ancient sites behind the dam and Kouhrang third tunnel. Several exploration stages have been conducted in this area, that excavated in 2012 by Ahmed Azadi, an archaeologist at the Archeological Institute, and one of the ancient sites in the region is named KR385, attributed to the late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Archaeological investigations in this region were began in 2007 and during which Tens of ancient sites and numerous historical objects were discovered. The enclosure KR385 in the region of Biregan in the Kouhrang city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province was identified in the third season of the archaeological survey of Kouhrang city in 2010, and a number of metallic and clay works were obtained from graves no 1 and 2. The metalwork obtained from this ancient site from ancient archaeological and metallurgical point of view is an interesting example. In this paper, five metallic objects of copper - alloy included pendants in the form of bird, pendants and stamped stamps in the form of headdresses, decorative pendants, arrowhead and pins are investigated. In this study, experimental tests and instrumental analyzes including radiography, metallography, SEM-EDS, Micro-PIXE were used to determine the type of alloy, chemical composition and manufacturing technique of objects. The alloy composition of the objects obtained according to the elemental analysis showed that the main elements in the KR-1, KR-2, KR-4 and KR-5 samples include copper and tin (tin with different percentages), and the main elements of the KR-3 sample contains copper and arsenic, which represents the construction of these objects from bronze and arsenic copper. According to the results of the analysis of inclusions and phases, the main elements of dark gray phases, i.e., points A, include copper and sulfur, and significant amounts of lead, especially in KR-1, KR-2, and KR-5 samples, followed by oxygen has it. Other elements with a low percentage (between 1 and 3%) are identified at these points. The result is that these points A are sulfide inclusions. the main elements black dots (points B), are copper, oxygen, sulfur and tin. Due to the high oxygen content, these points are copper oxide. Regarding to the micrograph in as polished samples, in some places the pseudo-structure of the dendrites was seen in black, this type of structure is known as a trace-structure or ghost-structure that in patina layer many of ancient bronzes are in the form of dendrites or corrosion grains has been seen. The dendritic structure and α + δ eutectic in KR-1 and KR-2 samples, and the presence of strain lines, grains crystallized and the twin lines in KR-3 and KR-4 samples showed that the formation of the objects of this ancient site of operations Metalworking including casting and hammering are used. Radiographic results show that these objects lack decorative and attach, and the absence of the connection represents an integrated construction. The X-ray radiography of the studied objects shows no evidence of joining or welding of different parts on them.  },  
Keywords = {Biregan of Kouhrang, Tin bronze, Arsenical copper, Metallography, Hammering, Casting},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {149-167}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.149},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-174-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-174-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Salahshour, Fatemeh and Radmanesh, Ata Mohammad and Hamzavi, Yaser and Khorasani, Mahboubeh},  
title = {Finding the equivalent of the Persian word ‘Khomahan’ with today known iron ores based on its being a dyestuff and what is written in Persian historical literary texts}, 
abstract ={In archeometry studies, one of the hidden angles that can be the great help in the field of accurate understanding of ancient materials is the study of ancient texts and finding the equivalence of them with modern ones. Before an Iranian archaeologist wants to study a historical sample, it must be determined what information is available in ancient Persian texts about that sample .The first step in identifying and obtaining this information is to understand the vocabularies and words relevant to that science.  But sometimes words from the Persian language are outdated and alternatives from another languages are nowadays designated for that word, which are well known and used in scientific societies and Their Persian form is unknown, so the obscurity of today's obsolete equivalents makes some of the information relevant to it still ambiguous in interpreting ancient texts and remains unknown. by finding the ancient name  of the words and their equivalence with the well-known words of today, valuable information can be obtain in a wide range of studies. Khomāhan is one of these ancient and obsolete Persian words that has been defined only in the historical books of medicine and minerals, dictionaries and in Persian poems and these definitions only emphasizes that it is an iron ore. In these books two types of male and female are mentioned for it.  It is said that female khomāhan is a reddish- black stone that, when sinking in water, red color will be appeared and It has been used as a red pigment like a vermillion, and the male khoamāhan is a black stone and when sinking it in water yellow color will be appeared, it has been used as a yellow pigment like an orpiment. In Persian poetry also is mentioned about magnetic or black khomāhan. Black khomāhan is also a kind of a very black colored stone and is considered to be the best kind of khomāhan. Thus, the word khomāhan is referred to three stone but it is not known precisely which word or equivalent is known today. In this regard, female khomāhan that has been used in ancient medicine in Iran is found from perfumery and experiments have been carried out in order to prove what is said in ancient texts about female khomāhan. This research shows that female khomāhan is the equivalent of the Latin word hematite. According to researches, this term in ancient Iran, in addition to hematite, was also referred to as other iron ore. In this study, it was found that the “male khomāhan” is equivalent to today's known mineral of the European word "goethite" and the word “magnetic and black khomāhan” refers to the word “Magnetite”.  },  
Keywords = {, khomahan stone,XRD, hematite, magnetite, goethite,Persian historical literary books.},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {169-183}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.169},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-160-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-160-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohamadisefidkhani, Ramin and Rajabiun, Zahr},  
title = {Designing based on needs for the packaging, transportation and storage of human bones from archaeological excavations}, 
abstract ={Human burials from archaeological excavations are of great importance due to the available information on the history and culture of human societies. Today, in addition to studies of the burial form and the data in the grave, human bones have also shown the necessity of anthropological studies in the form of biological and archaeological studies to identify diets, types of diseases, Human Migration, etc that are based on the identification of the constituents of skeletons, stable isotopes, age and sex abundances, traumas, and so on. Generally, Every year in archaeological excavations from Islamic sites to pre-historic sites, human and animal skeletal remains are found in various burials that their fate is as follows. Extraction of objects with bones, Burial record and bone re-burial. Fixed skeletons and their use as part of the site of museums in archaeological sites. Transfer of discovered skeletons to museums using blocking techniques. Takings of skeletons in separate pieces and transfer to museum repositories for display or storage for future scientific studies. The last option has attracted a lot of attention over the last few years. However, transportation conditions and improper maintenance can cause them to be destroyed or re-buried. In fact, data from the time of discovery require to take proper packaging, safe transportation, storage and maintenance in suitable environmental conditions, and the simple and quick ability to move in crisis management situations; Also, providing researchers with secure, orderly and directional data is of high importance.  },  
Keywords = {},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {185-189}, 
publisher = {Tabriz Islamic Art University},

doi = {10.29252/jra.5.2.185},
url = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-208-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-208-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research on Archaeometry},  
issn = {2476-4647}, 
eissn = {2476-4639}, 
year = {2019}  
}