Characterization of Pyroclastic Stones in the Cut Rock Historical Architecture of Kandovan Village - Journal of Research on Archaeometry
------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------
year 1, Issue 1 (2015)                   JRA 2015, 1(1): 1-16 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Amini Birami F, Razani M, Asghari Kaljahi E, Emami S M A, Baghbanan A. Characterization of Pyroclastic Stones in the Cut Rock Historical Architecture of Kandovan Village. JRA 2015; 1 (1) :1-16
URL: http://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-27-en.html
1- University of Tabriz
2- Art University of Isfahan , razanimehdi@gmail.com
3- Art University of Isfahan
4- Isfahan University of Technology
Abstract:   (20324 Views)

Kandovan historical village, in the vicinity of Osku town is one of the most important attractive sites in East Azerbaijan province which is outstanding and prominent due to the hewn-cut house of rock skirt of the Sahand volcano. This site has been registered in 1998 on the national cultural heritage list of Iran. Kandovan rocky architecture, from geological point of view, is on the surfaces of a thick ignimbrite layer that this layer, due to natural weathering and erosion along the main joints and discontinuities of Kandovan valley, has created conical forms and structures. According to the existing theory, Kandovan village was inhabited and settled in these conical buildings since the Ilkhanid era. Recent developments on rock decay in rock-cut architecture of the Kandovan historical village, have heightened the need for recognizing the role of different factors of weathering process on this site. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the effect of inherent vice as a fundamental factor in deterioration patterns. For this purpose, field and laboratory investigations like sampling and observation, characterization with thin section petrography and X-ray diffraction analyzes, along with the measurement of physical properties and durability of rock in rocky houses, the role of inherent vice rock with intensity of rock mass Kandovan weathering has been done. Nowadays, intensity of decay and weathering in Kandovan village rocks causes of poor living conditions, ruination, and seasonal residence or nonresidential conditions. Based on the rock characterization, water absorption, dry density, total porosity content, saturation coefficient, slake durability and experiment for resistance to freezing-thawing demonstrated that Kandovan ignimbrite rock have poor durability and high sensitive to predisposing factors to deterioration such as wetting and drying and freezing-thawing cycles. The collection of these inherent properties causes of the internal structure to be non-resistance to the tensions arising from the impact of climate cycles. The local climate could be considered (or suggested) as the main reason of weathering and erosion of this rocky architecture.

Full-Text [PDF 1574 kb]   (7481 Downloads)    
Technical Note: Original Research | Subject: Archaeometry
Received: 2015/05/5 | Accepted: 2015/08/18 | Published: 2015/09/23 | ePublished: 2015/09/23

References
1. ASTM. (2004). Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control under Freezing & Thawing Conditions (D5312). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04. 08, 894 - 998.
2. ASTM. (2004). Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control under Wetting & Drying Conditions (D5313). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04. 08, 890 - 893.
3. ASTM. (2004). Standard Test Method for Measurement Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes (D 1585). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04. 08, 948-955.
4. ASTM. (2004). Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks (D 4644). Annual Book of ASTM Stand ards, Vol. 04. 08.
5. ASTM. (2009). Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone (C 1721). Book of Standards, Volume: 04. 07.
6. Anon. (1979). Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping, part. 1 Rocks and soils material. Bulletin International Association Engineering Geology, No. 19, 71-364. [DOI]
7. Branney, M. J. Kokelaar, B. P. (2002). Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites. London, Geological Society of London.
8. Chen, T. C. Yeung, M. R & Mori, N. (2004). Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due to freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 38 (2), 127-136. [DOI]
9. Doehne, E & Price, C. A. (2010). Stone conservation: an overview of current research. Getty Publications.
10. Dreesen, R. & Dusar, M. (2004). Historical building stones in the province of Limburg (NE Belgium): role of petrography in provenance and durability assessment. Materials Characterization, 56, 273-287 [DOI]
11. Emberger, L. (1930). La vegetation de la region mediterraneenne, Essai d’une classification des groupments vegetaux. Rev. Gen. Bot. 42: 641- 662, 705-721.
12. Fisher, R. V. (1966). Mechanism of deposition from Pyroclastic flows. Amer. J. Sci. 264, 350-363. [DOI]
13. Fookes, P. G. Gourley, C. S & Ihikere, C. (1982). Rock Weathering in engineering time. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 21, 33-57. [DOI]
14. Franklin, J. A. & Chandra, R. (1972). The slake durability index, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci, 9, 325-342. [DOI]
15. Garcia-Vallés, M, Topal, T. Vendrell-Saz, M. (2003). Lichenic growth as a factor in the physical deterioration or protection of Cappadocian monuments. Environmental Geology 43, 776-781. [DOI]
16. Google Earth., (2013). “Kandovan,” 609968. 47 m E and 4183852. 93 m N. Google Earth. January 9, 2013. January 18, 2014
17. International Society for Rock Mechanics. (1979). Suggested Methods for Determining Water Content, Porosity, Absorption and related properties and swelling and slake-durability. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36, 139-153.
18. Jerram, D. A. (2001). Visual comparators for degree of grain-size sorting in two and three-dimension. Computers and Geosciences, 27, 485 - 489. [DOI]
19. Johnson, R. B & Degraff, J. V. (1988). Principles of Engineering Geology, John Wiley and Sons, USA, 497 Pp.
20. Oliver, R. L. (1954). Welded tuffs in the Borrowdale Volcanic Series, English Lake District, with a note on similar rocks in Wales. Geological Magazine, 91: 473 - 83. [DOI]
21. Pettijohn, F. J. (1975). Sedimentry Rocks, Harper & Row. New York.
22. Rodriguez, J. D. (2007). Conservation of stone monuments. from diagnostic to practice. Minbar Al Ja-miaa n 7, Actes de la RIPAM (2005), Meknès, Maroc, pp. 287-295.
23. Ross, K., Hart, D., & Butlin, R. N. (1991). Durability tests for natural building stone. In Durability of building materials and components. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference held in Brighton, UK, 7-9 November 1990 (pp. 97-111). Chapman and Hall Ltd.; E. &FN Spon Ltd.
24. TS699. (1987). Tabii Yapi Tas lari - Muayene ve Deney metodlari, (Methods of testing for natural building stones) Turk Standartları Enstitusu, Ankara (in Turkish).
25. Topal, T. & Doyuran, V. (1998). Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 34 (1), 5-20. [DOI]
26. Verges-Belmin, V., ed. (2008). Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns. English-French ed. Paris: ICOMOS & ISCS (International Scien-tific Committee for Stone).
27. Winkler, E. M. (1994). Stone in Architecture: Properties, Durability. 3rd ed. Berlin and NY: Springer-Verlag.

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb