Journal of Research on Archaeometry
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Showing 5 results for Mohammadi Achachlouei
Study of Effects of Tiophanate Methyl and Carbendazim Fungicides on Paper Structure By Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Mahboob Abdolalizadeh, Mehrnaz Azadi Boyaghchi, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei, Rana Bahremandi Poorfard,
year 2, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2016)
Abstract

Most of fungicides for prevention of biological degradation in historic papers, firstly have been used in the other scientific and industrial fields such as material preservation, agriculture and medical science. Other scientific fields have a great importance in the conservation of historic relics especially paper relics. Therefore, Tiophanate methyl and Carbendazim fungicides were studied for application in the conservation and restoration of paper relics. Each of these materials is one of most important and applied materials in agriculture which are effective against wide range of biological factors. Conservation material should not have intensive structural effects on paper relics. Accordingly, it is required to evaluate effects of Tiophanate methyl and Carbendazim treatments on paper. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of most important methods for structural changes of paper. For the study, laboratory samples were prepared from filter paper. Samples were treated with Tiophanate methyl (dissolved in methanol) and Carbendazim (dissolved in distilled water) in 100ppm and 200ppm concentrations by spray method. Blank and treated samples were aged according to ISIRI4706 standard method for 288 hours. After aging, structural changes have been studied by application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Results showed that spectra of treated paper samples with Tiophanate methyl and Carbendazim have no structural deformation in both 100ppm and 200ppm concentrations. According to resulted spectra, it was clear that treatment materials have been added to paper but there was not any sign of paper degradation. Accelerated aging caused to production of carbonyl adsorption of the spectra in 1742 cm-1. It was indicated decay of cellulose and presence of new degradation products which results to aesthetical change of paper. Aged samples compared with unaged ones did not show structural deformation in paper due to treatment materials and there was not any sign of breakdown in cellulose linkages. The both of 100ppm and 200ppm treated samples were without damage after accelerated aging. In general, the both treatments do not affect paper structure according to results of infrared spectra.


Review on Identification of Diterpenoid Resins in Artworks Varnishes By Ftir
Ali Nemati Babaylou, Mehrnaz Azadi Boyaghchi, Farhood Najafi, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei,
year 2, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2016)
Abstract

Making varnishes from diterpenoid resins with the several orders had been common in Iran from 12th Century and it has also been reported in Europe from medieval ages. Identification of these resins in old samples and investigation of their degradations through ageing process have performed by various methods. FTIR spectrometry has always been of interest to researchers because it is cheap, available and it requires little sample material. Ditepenoid resins are classified into two classes: mixture of abietane and pimarane structures resins that include colophony and Venetian turpentine, and resins that are formed from labdane and pimarane structures which involve sandarac and copal types. Abietane structures do not polymerized in the time but labdanes and pimaranes polymerize at a very short time. For this reason, they mostly are used in oil-resin varnishes. These characteristics have led the two classes of resins to operate differently during ageing process and production of degradation products. This differentiation helps to identify to characterize the original structure of resin in the varnish compound in FTIR spectrometry. This article reviews the identification characteristics of diterpenoid resins in FTIR spectrometry and it tries to investigate and introduce every resin characteristics according to their structure from several references. Moreover, identification characteristics of linseed oil is introduced because of its application in oil-resin varnishes. Also, degradation process and its production are also reviewed. Differentiation in chemical structures of diterpenoid resins causes the differentiation of ageing process such the polymerization of labdanes and pimaranes and cross linking in ageing process produce some new functional groups. Also some functional groups are destroyed during ageing. The changes observed in FTIR spectrometry are inclined oxidation and polymerization of varnishes that in turn changes bands intensity related to OH region, especially in 3000 and 3450 cm-1 and carbonyl region bands. Degradation process of resins in solvent and oil-resin varnishes is same but identification of resin characteristics in oil-resin varnishes is difficult because of effects of oil oxidation on varnish spectra after aging process. Also cross links in varnish structure during aging process causes the formation of some new bands in aged varnishes spectra. Degradation products in resints and ambers are to some extent like that of old resins and varnishes because their aging process is same.


Characterization of A Leather Quran Housed at the Tabriz Quran and Scribing Museum
Leila Zarei, Masoud B. Kasiri, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei, Vali Javadiazar Khiavi,
year 4, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2018)
Abstract
Frist Quran manuscripts remained from early centuries of Islam, have been written on skin in Quran script, and are considered as the most important works of that times. Due to the very small amount of organic matter left over the past years, the study of these works has been very limited, so the information about these works is based only on library studies, including the information contained in the old books and comparative-historical studies. One of these works is a folio of a Quran manuscript with the size of 14.5 × 9.5 cm (Property no.: 1315) which is preserved in the Quran and Redaction Museum of Tabriz. According to the materials contained in the birth certificate, this manuscript has been transferred from Golestan Palace of Tehran to this museum during the past years. Experts have identified the material and information on this skin according to the type of textbook and eventually, its adaptation to similar works. Despite its historical and cultural values, it has not been yet investigated scientifically, neither from historical nor artistic point of view. Structural study not only can be useful in assessing the authenticity of the manuscript, but also provides a detailed account of the treatment of skin in the early stages of Islamic era. It should be noted that the results of the processing method can be cited if the authenticity of the manuscript could be proved. During this research, the processing technique and constituent elements, including bedding, type of bedding, and black and red inks on it were identified and studied. The objectives of this study include examining the authenticity of the work and, in the case of authenticity, obtaining documented results in the basin of the method of dermatology in the early years of Islam. Due to the historical, cultural and religious importance and, ultimately, the sampling constraints, non-destructive methods that require less sample were used. The strategies of this research are based on ancient metamorphic and laboratory studies, including spot tests as well as instrumental techniques. In this research, this artifact has been studied using UV photography to evaluate the authenticity, FTIR investigation to recognize the support material and make distinguish between the paper and skin, electron microscopy studies to identify the type of the animal whose skin has been used, SEM imaging to explore the morphology of cross section of the skin sample, and finally, SEM-EDX analysis to study the ink which has been used to write the manuscript. The spectra of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometry indicate the proteinaceous structure of the artwork, so the support of this manuscript is of skin and not paper, thus it can be called “skin” or “parchment”. The results obtained indicate that the support material of this folio is the skin of a type of sheep. The results of the analysis of the images obtained from the SEM are such that in some places there are microcircuits and gaps in the surface of the fiber that can be caused by the pressures introduced in the production process as well as by the effects of different factors over the time (such as atmospheric and environmental factors). It is worth noting, however, that these cracks and cracks do not have a serious effect on appearance, and the skin just has somewhat lost its softness. Regarding the dark ink, the result is not certain due to the presence of too many elements, however, according to the presence of copper, Motavvas (peacock) ink is suggested. Regarding the red ink, cinnabar is suggested as mercury and sulfur elements were identified. Authenticity investigation confirms that there is no evidence of erased or added line in this folio and it can be concluded that there is no evidence of forgery in the text and signature.

Technical Study and Mechanism of Deterioration in A Nitrocellulose Based Film
Hossein Beygi, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei,
year 5, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2019)
Abstract
Nitrocellulose based film negatives make an important part of the cinematic work. In Iran, these films are also important since they are parts of cultural, historical and artistic heritages. Therefore, such works need to proper care and preservation. The decomposition process of these films occurs due to the inherent deterioration of nitrocellulose as well as the presence of environmental factors such as heat, light and humidity. Nitrocellulose film base decomposition can be very rapid and is generally categorized in five progressive stages; 1. The negatives begin to become yellowish-brown and NO2 gas is released; 2. The film becomes sticky and emits a strong noxious odor; 3. The film changes to an amber color material and the image begins to fade; 4. The negative becomes soft and can weld to adjacent negatives, enclosures and photographs; and 5. The negative decomposes into a brownish acid powder. Technical study and mechanism of deterioration of cinematograph negatives can help to provide better methods of conservation and restoration of this works. In this study, a cinematographic negative sample was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy- Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), spot tests (diphenylamine test and float test), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), optical microscope images and digital loop. The —ONO2, C—O, —OH, C=O groups in the base of the sample and —CH, —CN, —NH, —OH, amide I, and amide II groups in the image layer were identified by FTIR-ATR spectra. A solution of diphenylamine and sulfuric acid was used to identify the negative base, where it contains 90% of sulfuric acid. The color of the solution turned into a deep blue color upon the immersion of the sample. The sample was also sunk in trichlorethylene solution. Results of FTIR-ATR analysis, spot tests and cross section images by SEM indicated that the structure of the negative is gelatin and silver halide (image layer) on the nitrocellulose plastic base. The instability of nitrocellulose based cinematograph negative can be attributed mostly to the extremely thermal sensitivity of nitrocellulose. An examination of bond energy implies the oxygen-nitrogen (O—N 169 kJ; C—C 347 kJ; C—O 360 kJ; C—H 414 kJ) linkages are almost readily cleaved, leading to the formation of volatile nitrogen oxide decomposition products. The degradation in the image layer in the form of brown bobbles, due to release of NO2 gas in the negative base was observed by optical microscope and digital loop images. Redox blemishes also were observed by optical microscope and digital loop images in the shape of yellow-orange circles on the surface of the negative. Redox-blemishes were observed for the first time in 1960s on the surface of the microfilms. At first, the problem of redox blemishes was thought to be peculiar to microfilm. But, it was later found to occur on many types of silver photographic materials. Archival gases (peroxides) produced by improper environmental conditions and use of inappropriate materials in the maintenance of the sample cause the oxidation of silver in the image layer, its migration to the surface of the negative and led to the formation of Redox blemishes. The results of the SEM/EDS analysis of Redox blemishes on the negative surface indicate the deterioration of silver ions in the image layer. Humidity also accelerate Redox-blemishes.

The Investigation of Shah Nematollah Vali`s Pateh By Eds, Sem and Ftir Systems Analysis
Hakimeh Keykhah Hejrati, Mehrnaz Azadi Booyaghchi, Mohsen Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei,
year 5, Issue 2 (Semi-Annual 2019)
Abstract
Patteh sewing is one of the most beautiful and most famous and oldest embroiders in Iran that has very history It`s one of the methods of decorating clothes that is combined closely to the tradition, climate, and attitude of people living in southeast of Iran. Patteh sewing is one of most significant and most brilliant embroiders of Kerman province, and is deeply rooted in the cultural history of Kerman, that is sew on the base of one cloth (Shal) with colorful strings (Ris). The art of Patteh sewing has received much attention from old ages, and there are rear works of this art in museums that it must be studied to be protected. Patteh is among traditional and old arts that protecting them against damaging factors is very important. Compared to other historical works, studying Patteh is performed less. There for, studying and protecting this kind of works increase because they are year. The studied Patteh in this research belong to, Shah Nematollah Vali shrine. This Patteh is prepared on 1294 by 16 Kerman women during three years to cover this shrine. Since this work is the oldest embroider remained in Kerman and till now any protective action isn’t performed on it, recognizing the damages to the fibers of this work is very important. The fibers in this work include field string (Shal), embroider string, decorative string on the margins of work, primer string and connective string that Shal and embroider string are woolen and decorative string is silk and primer string is linen and connective fiber is cotton. In this research to study the damages of fibers in above close up, the method of SEM was used. The results from this research indicate that in the cuticle and cortex area, the wool fibers in Patteh are damaged. Also these damages are probably created because of mechanical and physical pressures on the fibers. To study the percent of variations of humidity and temperature in three seasons of spring, summer and winter, on humidity meter device was used. The results showed that museum has humidity variations that can damage the objects. The most variation are happened in summer. Also a thick layer of pollutants is observed on the fibers. To identify these pollutants, EDS analysis was used, that consequently the elements of Silica, lead, Al and mg were identified. The dust the dust on the fibers will gradually result in physical and chemical damages on studied fibers. The method of FTIR was used to study these damages. Based on This study, it became velar that damage process is happened on silk, wool, cotton and linen fibers. In the leaves of string ( shal ) and the embroider string and root decorative leaves in the edges of studied Patteh that are made of protein are observed in area Amid I and Amid II and Amid III that this decrease in leaves shows the process of destroying in leaves. In the leaves of connective string and primer string that are made of cellulose, the decrease of C-O-C and C-O bonds in historical sample indicate hydrolysis of cellulose molecules, and in historical sample, increase in the C-H area indicate the increase of Crystallinity in leaves of connective string. The reason of this damage on studied fibers is photo damage and shortage of humidity and mechanical pressure's.

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